ENGLISH GRAMMAR
ENGLISH GRAMMAR
Part - 1
ENGLISH PARTS OF SPEECH
1) MAJOR:
1: NOUN
2: VERB
3: ADJECTIVE
4: ADVERB
2) MINOR:
1: PRONOUN
2: PREPOSITION
3: CONJUNCTION
4:INTERJECTION
NOUN :
A noun is a naming word: the name of person, place or thing etc.
CLASSIFICATION OF NOUN:
1) CONCRETE:
a: Proper noun
b: Common noun
c: Collective noun
d: Material noun
2) ABSTRACT:
a: Feeling
b: Quality
c: State
d: Action
# Common Noun:
1) Countable
2) Uncountable
# Uncountable Noun:
1) Unit
2) Measure
3) Species
1)PROPER NOUN:
Particular name, usually written in capital letter first.
E.g. Bob, Sara, America , Delhi, etc.
2) COMMON NOUN:
Any one of a class of person, place or thing.
E.g. girl, boy, river, etc.
3) COLLECTIVE NOUN:
A collection of persons, or animals, or objects.
E.g. family, flock, club,ect.
N.B. In general sense, 'people' is used as a collective noun, but in the sense when it is used as nation , community or race it becomes plural.
4) MATERIAL NOUN:
Referred to material or substance.
E.g. gold, wood, iron,etc.
5) ABSTRACT NOUN:
Referred to states, events , feelings, etc.
E.g. kindness, impression, examination, etc
# COUNTABLE NOUN:
Usually, these nouns can be counted by/in number/numbers
E.g. boy, book, school, etc.
#UNCOUNTABLE :
Usually, these nouns can not be counted .
Eg; Kindness, beauty, freedom,etc.
S P E C I A L C A S E S
* Countable nouns are used in the sense of concreteness and particularization.
* Uncountable nouns are used in the sense of abstractness and generalization.
Example;
I was to face many difficulties. [countable]
I was to face much difficulty. [ Uncountable]
{ We will learn more in ERROR correction PAGE}
* Usually, Countable nouns do not take 'a' or 'an' but when in particular cases of limited meaning , they do take 'a' or 'an'.
eg, I had a talk with her this evening.
But, they made talk in the evening.
* Article 'the' is not used before material nouns, but in particularization,'the' is used.
E.g.
Water is life.
But, the water of this tank is unsuitable.
E X E R C I S E S
1 Identity nouns from the following sentences and identify whether they are proper, common,collective, material, or abstract nouns.
a) The leaders take a pledge of support.
b) This is a nice water cascade.
c) Political system is based on the notion of equality and liberty.
d) The crowd was all exotic.
e) There was an open hostility between two sides.
f) Make sure you could imbibe this concept.
g) Rabindranath Tagore was a votary of pacifism.
h) Pupils were the innocent bystanders of the scene.
i) He was a dotted husband.
j) Erstwhile it was under undivided Bengal.
2) Fill in the blanks with the suitable nouns given below:
a) we shall now analyse the characteristics of _________.
b)A _________listener has a highly developed ear or sound sense.
c) Kalidasa is the____'_____ of India.
d) Everybody knows him as the _________ of this age.
e) The ______________ is the best political mannual.
f) The Gitanjali of poet Rabindranath Tagore is the__________ of India.
LISTS: Bible,Newton, Mahabharat, cellphone, radio, Shakespeare.
3)Fill in the blanks with suitable collective nouns listed below:
a)It was a_______ of two hundred men.
b) A _______ contains a large number of ships.
c) The small _________ of monkeys live on this tree.
d) A _______ of singers was standing in the middle of the room.
e) There was a________ of plants beside the street.
f) The _________have asked people to stay away from the house.
g) My ________ has come from Patna.
h) The bank ________ are on strike.
i) The ________ is accused of molesting policemen.
j) The ________ have to think about this event.
List: crowd,row, troupe,troop,
fleet.police.family.staff, government, media.
4)Fill in the blanks with suitable abstract nouns given below.
a)_______is a curse.
b)He is a man of _________
c) The function had provided a blend of __________and__________
d)__________ is a great quality.
e) The committee will claim her _______
List: Poverty, Falsehood, character,in entertainment, information,kindness.
CONCRETE NOUN: Normally nouns are classified under two heads.One is CONCRETE noun and other is ABSTRACT Noun. Concrete nouns are seen, and touched.
Examples;
Book,pen, boy, stone etc.
COMMON NOUNS: Common nouns can be divided into two types which are;
Countable Noun
Uncountable Noun.
COUNTABLE NOUNS;
We can count and separate these kinds of nouns.
E.g. boy, girl, city etc.
UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS;
We can neither count nor separate these nouns. These nouns are called either by name mass noun or by name Non-count. These nouns suggest the names of groups, special qualities, feelings, concepts, materials or substances.
Examples;
Hair, water, sugar, salt, knowledge, information, etc.
SPECIAL CASES
Both countable and uncountable nouns have different applications. Countable nouns are used when it is said about either concreteness or particularization, While Abstract nouns or Non-count nouns suggest abstractness or generalization. Such sentences as;
In those days I had to face many difficulties.(countable and particularization)
This time I have much difficulty.( Uncountable and generalization)
'Anandabazar' is a famous newspaper.(particular as well as countable)
The gift was wrapped in velvet paper.( Non-count or generalized)
In English, some mass nouns are seen as non-pluralized.
E.g. foliage, (but leaf in plural leaves.)
food (meal in plural meals)
Traffic ( but vehicle, vehicles)
UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS AS COUNTABLE NOUNS:
A bit of advice.
Many pieces of luggage.
A piece of cloth.
Three piles of rubbish.
A large block of ice.
A few drops of tear.
Two teaspoons of syrup.
Five acres of land.
A week of tough labor
A type of heart failure.
SOME IMPORTANT COLLECTIVE NOUNS
An army of soldiers.
A batch of students.
Two bales of cotton.
A bench of justices.
A bevy of women.
A bevy of ladies.
A bundle of hay
A bundle of papers.
A bundle of sticks.
A bunch of grapes.
A bunch of flowers
A bunch of keys
A board of directors
A board of trustees
A possession of devotees.
A row of trees.
A clump of bamboos.
A chain of events.
A chain of mountains.
A couple of hours.
A couple of days.
A couple of games.
A crew of soldiers.
A council of ministers.
A galaxy of stars.
A crowd of people.
A crowd of passengers.
A colony of rats.
A colony of ants.
A colony of seals.
A covey of quails.
A flock of birds.
A flock of sheep.
A flight of stairs
A flight of steps
A flight of birds.
A fleet of ships
A gang of thieves.
A gang of dacoits.
A gang of robbers.
A gang of coolies.
A giggle of geese.
A constellation of talents.
A group of dishonest politicians.
A group of large pucca houses.
A heap of sand.
A pile of books.
An almirah of files.
A herd of cows.
A herd of sheep.
A herd of pigs.
A herd of deer.
A muster of peacocks.
A patch of cloud.
A large stock of old books.
A backlog of rubbish.
A pile of rough used papers.
A pack of wolves.
A packet of cigarettes.
A pack of lions.
A pair of shoes.
A posse of police.
A pair of shoes.
A swarm of bees.
A stack of hay.
A stack of wood.
A shoal of fish.
A suit of defensive arms.
A suit of clothes.
A school of dolphins.
A school of herrings.
A school of whales.
A skein of woolen threads.
A set of burglary tools
A large family of fools.
A squad of homeguards.
A squad of civic officers.
A sheaf of paddy.
A sheaf of arrows.
A house of servants.
A staff of servants.
A stud of racing horses.
A stud of racing cows.
A troupe of chorus.
A troupe of singers.
A troupe of dancers.
A small troop of monkeys.
A country of soldiers.
A troop of soldiers.
A team of income tax vigilances
A team of inspectors and policemen.
EXERCISES
1)Supply Abstract Nouns of the following words:
King _________ Long ________
Young ________ Wise _________
Sweet _________ Know _________
Short __________ Good __________
Act ____________ See ____________
Neglect __________ Err _____________
Live ____________. Choose _________
Reside __________ judge __________
Punish ___________ serve __________
2) Fill in the blanks with 'Much' and 'Many'.
(Use ' Much' for uncountable, and 'many' for countable)
1)________ water 2) _______cows,
3) ________men 4) _______oil
5) ________beauty 6) ______ haunted houses 7)________fish 8)______air
9)______people 10) ________ salt.
3) Fill in the blanks with little and few:
( Use 'little' for countable nouns and few for countable)
1)________interest 2) _______ eggs
3)________books 4)_______ milk
5)_________ help 6)________people
4) Fill in the blanks with 'a' ,'an' and 'some'
1)_______ elephant 2) _______books
3)_______tea 4)________people
5)________new clothes.6)_______help
5) Use 'the' where necessary:
1)Water is life.
2) Water of this pond is much dirty.
3) Oil floats water.
4) Milk is an ideal food.
5)We don't drink milk of horses.
NOUN: NUMBER
In English, a noun is seen working with two numbers. One is a singular number and the other is a plural number. Singular number means singularity by one, and plural number means plurality by more than one.
Except for a handful of nouns having the same both in singular and plural form, and a few used in plural form only, a large number of nouns have different singular and plural forms. They are called regular plurals.
Rules for singular to plural:
REGULAR CASES:
By adding 's' suffix:
Horse to horses; river to rivers, etc
By adding 'es' to the last of singular number if it has 'ch', 's' , 'sh' ,and 'x':
Bench to benches; dish to dishes; glass to glasses, etc.
Let out 'y' and adding 'ies' , in the case generally where a consonant is found before 'y':
Spy to spies; Fly to flies, etc.
An exceptional case where a vowel is found before 'y', needs adding 's':
Day to days, key to keys, etc.
More exceptional is seen to the following cases:
Soliloquies to soliloquy.
But 'y' is unchanged in:
Sundays, Germanys, but Henries.
's' to plural nouns in the case that singular nouns end with 'o' , 'oo' , 'ow' , 'yo' , 'io':
Bamboo, bamboos; studio, studios, etc
Omitting of 'f' and 'fe', and 'ves' is added in forming some plural forms:
As in , knife, knives; wife, wives, etc.
A few exceptions are found:
Safe, safes; roof, roofs, etc.
In compound cases, 's' is added to the leading words:
Lady- superintendent, lady- superintendents; man- war, men- of war, etc.
Except; man means not a man, man becomes men:
Gentleman, gentlemen; Englishman, Englishmen, etc.
In 'gh' and 'ph' ending, 's' is added:
Laughs, photographs,etc.
IRREGULAR CASES:
Changing inside vowels:
Foot to feet, man to men, etc
Adding 'en' last:
Ox to oxen, child, children, etc.
In the case voice consonants:
Bath, baths; house,houses,etc
In some animals, both singular and plural is the same:
Singular Plural
Cod cod
Sheep sheep
A few have both the forms, singular and plural:
Means, news, politics, alms, etc.
Except modifiers, hundred, thunder, million, are in use as plural:
Hundred rupees, thousands of people, hundred revolutionaries, etc
Only in plural form:
Scissors, glasses, trousers, police, cattle, mankind, public, folk, government,etc
Certain nouns have 's' form:
amands, earrings, savings,goods, vegetables, surroundings, belongings, manners, looks, lodgings, etc.
Generally, uncountable nouns are used in singular sense:
Courage, despair, happiness, etc
Similarly, mass nouns are used in singular sense:
Gold, oxygen, furniture, etc
Names of diseases though seen ending 's' are treated as singular nouns:
Measles, mumps, etc
Both the names of subjects and games are used in singular verb agreement like news:
Economics, mathematics, politics, billiards, etc.
N.B. one hundred rupees or five thousand rupees, but hundreds of men or thousands of men; two dozen oranges, but dozens of pens. And also, four years , but a four- year baby, a ten- examiner copy, a six- feet height, a two - room house, etc.
NOUN: GENDER
Nouns have genders which refer to either male or female or both, and some lifeless objects.
MASCULINE GENDER: male
FEMININE GENDER: female
NEUTER GENDER: lifeless or inanimate.
COMMON GENDER: male and female.
FORMATION OF FEMININE FROM MASCULINE:
By adding suffixes.
By using separate word
By using words after and before.
1)'ess' is added to masculine gender:
Lion to lioness; Host to hostess;
2) in 'or' or 'er' , 'o' is left and 'ess' is added:
Actor to actress, tiger to tigress.
3) A certain changes are made when feminine gender is formed:
God to Goddess, Master to mistress etc.
4) By adding 'ine' or 'ina':
Hero to heroine, Tsar to Tsarina, etc.
5) By adding 'ix' :
Executor and executrix, testator to testatrix etc.
6) By using a word before or after the masculine:
Man- servant to women- servant,
Grandfather to grandmother,etc.
7) by using separate word:
Gander to goose, bear to sow, etc
8) By avoiding suffix:
widower and widow etc.
9) Some masculine and feminine are the same:
Judge, Captain, Minister, person, etc.
10) Some feminines have no masculine correspondings:
Dowager, siren,drab, nurse, etc.
COMMON GENDER:
Person, people, orphan, baby, child, student, doctor, poet(now), author(now), typist, athlete, teacher, parent, personnel,etc.
Animals: elephant, sheep, deer, cat, rat, etc.
instead of man:
Chairperson, spokesperson, fisher, supervisor, business partner, business person, business people, etc.
Note:
Mr.[ Master and Mister] Married and unmarried male
Mrs.[ Mistress]Married female.
Miss: Unmarried female
MS: Married and unmarried female.
NEUTER GENDER:
Book, pen, tree, moon, sun, etc.
Note:
a) Generally uncountable nouns, collective nouns and abstract nouns fall into the Neuter gender categories.
b) Government, jury, public etc are used by it or they as pronouns.
As in;
The Government has called a full lockdown. It believes that this is the only solution.
The Government had ordered a judicial review and they wanted to reach the depth of the incident.
EXERCISES
Change the following nouns into their plural forms:
1)foot_______ 2) child______
3) mango______4) wolf_______
5) fish_______6) postman_____
7) yes-man_____________
8) chairman________9) sit-in___
(Sit-ins) 10) passer-by______
11)grown-up_________
12)German________
13) formula_______
14) alumnus_______
15) index________16) basis____
17) phenomenon___________
18)sheep______19)deer______
20) innings__________
21)commander-in chief________
22) leaf____________
24) issue________
25)SMS __________
26) MBBS___________
B)Fill in the blanks with nouns :
1) The ______are on the bench.
2) I have a ______ .
3) where are your______.
4) Lend me three dozen_______.
5)Is the ______ true?
C) Change the numbers of nouns in the following sentences. Also make other necessary changes.
1)I am a student.
2) The lady refuses to meet her mother-in-law.
3) His brother is my friend.
4) That is a sheep
5) She loves deer.
6) This is my book.
7) The leaf is dry
8) The lady has gone.
9)I have a knife on the shelf.
10) Give me five eggs and ten oranges.
D) Change the gender of the following nouns
1) Tiger________2) Hero______
3) Miss_______4) Mr. _______
5) Widow_______6) Sir______
7) Host_______ 8) MS_______
9) Gander_______10)Son______
11)Siren_______12) Virgin_____
13) He-devil________
14) Man- child________
15) Don_____16)Governor______
17) Master________18) heir___
19) Elephant_____20)ram_____
NOUN: CASE
Noun and its subclass pronoun take different positions in a sentence and do different functions. The relation of a noun or its subclass to other words in a sentence is called its case.
Subjective Case
Objective Case
Vocative Case
Possessive case.
Subjective Case:
Subjective Case refers to a noun or its subclass or noun phrase as a subject in a sentence.
Examples;
Rabi loves me.
The girl is dancing.
His father is a teacher.
You and Ram come to us.
Objective Case:
Noun or noun-subclass or noun phrase is used as object or objects is called objective Case.
Examples;
Ram did not like Hari.
He ate two mangoes.
Neither he loves you, nor loves Marry
In English, there are two types of objects.
Direct object
Indirect object
Direct object:
Things brought, bought, known, given , sent, etc are the direct object.
Example;
I know his boss.
Who will bring this jar?
Indirect object:
To whom the things are transferred is called indirect object.
Examples;
I gave him ten dollars.
Could you send me those photos?
He gave all the children a pen.
Let me read this news item to you.
He fed some notes to him .
I gave her some flowers.
He read the book to the children.
N.B.
Indirect means something to someone.
Vocative Case:
The vocative Case is used to address a person or persons.
Examples;
Ram, come here at once.
Sit down boys.
Death, you can take my friend into your shadow .
N.B.
Case in apposition;
Hari, my brother, came from Kolkata.
Call Mini, your sister.
Then Napal, our milkman, came.
Possessive case:
Possessive means 'belong to', meaning ownership. Thus, the possessive case of noun denotes the ownership of a noun in specific. In addition, the possessive case shows kind and origin also.
Examples;
Ram's umbrella,
Boys' school,
Men's wear,etc.
HOW POSSESSIVE CASE IS FORMED:
Using 's' to the singular noun ;
Girl's school,
King's court,
Dog's bark, etc
Also using 's' to the plural noun.
Examples;
Men's club,
Children's park, etc.
Cases where plural form is noun ending in 's' , only ( ') apostrophe comma is used;
Examples;
Boys' school,
Girls' College,
Students' union,etc.
Cases related to classical names ending with 's' or with sibilant sound, only (') apostrophe comma is used.
eg; Moses' law, Archimedes' formula, etc.
In particular too many hissing sounds, only the apostrophe comma is used.
eg; For consciousness' sake,
For goodness' sake.
's' is added to last group of nouns in some phrases like;
Honourable High Court's Order,
The government of India's bearings, etc
In case in the apposition of noun, for examples;
SN Saha, the grocer's shop,
PC Das, the grammarian's conclusion, etc.
To indicate separate ownership. As in;
Robinson's and Sir William's offices.
Harry's and Billy's houses.
THE USE OF POSSESSIVE CASE:
1.Names of personified objects as well as living things;
Examples;
Ram's hand, bird's eggs, duty's call, Seas' clear call, Fortune's favours, etc.
2. Names of time, space and weight etc.
E.g.
Last year's book fair,
A kilo's weight,
A yard's length,
Six days' leave,etc.
3. A few common phrases are used:
eg,
at one's finger end,
at one's heart content,etc
4. In measurements of qualities:
Earth's gravitation,
Plan's projection, etc.
5. Physical features:
An eyebrow's twitching,
A man's legs,etc.
6. Duration:
A weekend's changed,
A month's close contact,
Ten minute's delay etc.
7. Authorship and kind:
Shakespeare's sonnets,
Lata's songs, etc
8. With the second noun:
This dog is better than Blind's.
The darkness is less than house's.
9. Inanimate objects,Noun+of:
The two legs of the chair,
The floor of the room,etc.
10. Use of 'of' is more used in long phrases. As;
The ray of the early morning hours of the village of this green district,
The arrival of morning train in the evening,
The departure of the 4:30 train, etc.
10.Abstract Noun ,using 'of'
The invention of this tool,
The discovery of India,
An autobiography of unknown India,etc.
11.Subject, object and verb, using 'of'
Guardian's written communication,
Uncaged of the birds
EXERCISES
1.Use the following nouns using possessive case
Hands, clock
The hands of clock
King, crown
The king's crown
Nature ,ways
Furniture, this school
Mukesh Kumar, songs
Lila, friends
Wheels, this car
Lock, door
Title, book
Voice, vision, lady
Rights, women
Court, king
Uday, house every day
School,Boys
Mercy, shake.
Rupees, worth
A stone, throw
One litre, milk
Picture, king's
Ram, Ramesh, Rita, mother.
Rabindranath, Shakespeare, Kalidasa, plays
2. Use the following nouns into possessive case without apostrophe comma and 'of'
Walk, stick
Walking stick
Chair, sit on
Chair to sit on
Buy, food
Cook, purposes
Friends, need
Friends in need
Payment , December
Source of income.
PRONOUN
Pronoun is called the subclass of Noun. The word that is used instead of a noun is called Pronoun. It is notable that the noun belongs to the third person.
Example;
Ram is a good boy. He always helps his father.
Sima is a good girl. She always helps her mother.
The child is crying for its mother.
Reshma did not love him.
Nitu lost her book.
Do it yourself.
THE PERSONAL PRONOUNS:
SUBJECT: I, we, you, he , she, they, it.
OBJECT: me, us, you, his, her, them, it
POSSESSIVE: Mine, ours, yours, his,, hers, theirs,
ADJECTIVE TYPE: my, our, your, his, her, their, its.
REFLEXIVE: myself, ourselves, yourself\yourselves, himself, herself, themselves and itself.
NOTE:
Pronouns after ‘than’ and ‘as’:
The pronoun which is used after ‘ than’ and ‘as’ must be the same as the noun or pronoun used before it in a sentence. If noun or pronoun is in subject usage, the same usage is to be applied after ‘than’ and ‘as’
eg; Seema ran faster than she( not her).
She liked Rita as well as I(not me)
He likes his brother better than me.
2.Pronoun Sequence:
The person addressed should come first, then the second and the first or the speaker himself.
example;
You, Lina, and I will wait there.
You and I can do nothing. (in absence of name)
She and I must knock him. ( in absence of the second person)
When it is the purpose of confessing guild, the first person should come first, then the second and the third person.
eg, I, you and he, all are responsible for this ultimate consequence.
The ‘Editor’s We’;
The editor of a newspaper may use ‘we’, even if the reference is a single person.
eg, We have said what we have to say.
Another,
Sometimes it is seen that the writer involves his readers, so he likes to use ‘we’.
eg, Now we need to focus on the child labour in our country.
The special use of ‘ you’
Sometimes the writer inclines to himself or herself talking about the events that can happen to anyone. He or she shares his\ her experience: thoughts and feelings. For example;
What a terrific life in a city! You leave the bed at 6 o’ clock in the morning. Make yourself ready by 7 o'clock.Then you hurry to catch the local bus, train or tram for foothold. You come home late in the evening. You go to bed late at night.
N.B. The pronoun ‘you’ can be replaced by ‘one’.
The use of ‘They:
In the case of obscurance:
As in,
They say that Netaji died in a plane crash.
To the reference of ‘Man’ and ‘Mankind’:
As in,
Man is born free, but they are in chains.[ also ‘he’ is possible]
To the confusion about the male and female:
As in,
Everyone should do their duty.
THE USE OF ‘IT’:
To the reference to the thing and inanimate object:
This is a nice chair. It has been bought from England.
To refer animal:
I like your Guess. It can run the fastest.
To talk about baby:
The baby is clinging to its mother’s end of the saree.
To the reference to the group nouns:
The government has denied its policy.
To the reference of clause:
When, again and again, you read the guideline that is important , you can understand it very clearly.
Instead of Phrase:
It is not so easy to get a taxi from here.
To talk about the ‘time’:
It is 9pm. It was Monday morning.
To talk about ‘weather’:
Is it raining now?
It is very cold today.
To talk about temperature:
It is 30 degrees celsius.
To talk about distance:
It is ten miles to go.
To talk about the situation;
It is terrific and terrible.
To the introductory subjects:
It is nice to talk to you.
Some advanced uses:
It + be+ adj\noun + clause:
It is possible that you will come.
It will be amazing that they do not protest.
It+ verb + object + that clause:
[ annoy, bother, please, surprise, etc.]
It bothers me that you still deny your guilt.
This pattern comes with the verbs such as accept, agree, believe, decide, hope, intend, plan, think, understand, etc.
Examples;
It was agreed that the match would be declared.
It was thought by them why all became so silent.
In the case of Infinite( to + verb)
To make friends is not easy.
IT is not easy to make friends.
Object of such verbs as enjoy, hate, like, love, etc.
I hate it that you have made such a mistake.
I like it when you talk to me.
It + as + noun\ adj + clause:
I see it as an insult to those who can’t read English.
I see it as interesting when all who present there gave me a big hand.
d) Phrase with ‘ing’:
It is no use telling him about our problem.
It is very nice seeing you here.
e) With some impersonal verbs:
[ look, seem, appear]
It looks very eye-catching.
It appears to be quite fair.
EXERCISE
1.Put the correct form of pronoun in the blank spaces in the following sentences.
a)______ myself made a remark.(I\me)
b)_______ thinks much of self.She\you)
c)_______ youself will hurt yourself.(You\ your)
d)________ hurt themself.(He\ she)
e)________is the teacher and a poet.(he| they)
f) _______hurt herself. (She\ her)
g) He is as tall as______ .(me\I)
h) Rita and ______ were present there.(I\ me)
i) Can you play piano as well as _______.( them\ he)
j) We are not so poor as________ .( they\ them)
k) Nobody will help you but_______. (he\ him)
l) He and _______ are going to market . ( I\ you)
m) Whom do I accompany with, if not ______. (he\him)
n)I hate_______(you\ your)
o)Between You and _______ , I do believe him.(I\ me)
p) Let __________ come here. (him\he)
q) You will understand this as well as ______. (I\me)
r)None so helpful as ______ that I ever see.(he\him)
s) It is not for such as ________to tell me the truth. (them\ they)
2) Use ‘it’ or ‘ its’ in the blanks below.
a)This is a nice party. I like to join_________.
b)He painted a flower. _______ was so natural that bees were going to sit on it.
c) A swarm of bees were flying round ________.
d) ______ is dangerous to tell a lie.
e) He has a pet dog. He calls ____ Tom.
f) The horse ran to _____ stable.
g) I have a faithful dog and I call ___ Squeezer.
h) Every child loves ____ mother.
i) The baby was nice to look at. _____ is crying for ___ mother.
j) The Government denied ___ responsibility.
h) No Government is bar for ______ citizens.
k) It is a nice book. What is ______ price?
l) ___ is amazing to talk to you here in this dress.
m) _____ is I who has done this job.
n) _______ is very cold in winter.
o) I will fight for ____ till the end.
p) _____ has been raining a lot for five days.
q)Today ____ is very hot. Yesterday ____ was very cold. Tomorrow ____ will be very hot again.
r) Honesty is a great virtue. All admits ____.
s)Swimming is a good exercise. _____ builds body.
t) If you don’t do ___ now. You will forget ____ very soon.
u)Everyone present was stunned at _____.
v) _____is nice to talk to you.
w) ______ is difficult to walk ten miles at a stretch.
x) He thought ___ as encouraging when everyone failed to answer the question asked.
y)I hate _____ that it is you who has failed to do the sum.
z) _______ is said that he died in a plane crash.
3) Use the correct verbs and fill the blank spaces in the following.
a) It _________( be\has) possible that he will go on monday next.
b) It _________ (annoyed\ worried) me much that you blamed him.
c) I don’t _______ ( bother\ tolerate) this that it appears as a news.
d) If it happened, it _______ ( happens)
e)It _________( frightened\ feared) me that you did not go.
f) It _________ ( concerns\ relates) much trouble that he will be driven out from the lists.
g) It _________( pleases\ makes happy) her that you have joined there again.
h) it ________ ( was agreed\ agreed) that match is postponing.
i) It __________ accepted\ accepts) that the party will be left by him.
THE USE OF SELF-PRONOUN:
Direct object of the verb:
I teach myself English Grammar.
They hurt themselves
Indirect object:
They wanted themselves a new place.
I have to find myself a new job.
Prepositional complement:
I am worried about myself
You must be ashamed of yourself.
With certain verbs such as make, enjoy, and behave etc..
Baby, my darling, behave yourself.
Enjoy yourself, children.
To speak about ‘ loneliness’
She likes to pass time by herself( alone).
My family has gone on a trip. Now I have all myself.
The phone will turn off by itself after ten minutes.
With indefinite ‘One’:
One need not justify oneself.
One must admit this oneself here.
My\her\ his etc + own = self type:
For my own interest , I will never come here.
8.For emphasis:
I am given this letter by Lila herself.
She got herself arrested.
9. Such verbs as change, dress, wash and save do not take self pronouns, if some cases they are used with them:
After the accident, she could not dress herself. Now she can dress herself.
10. Similarly the following verbs do not take self pronouns:approach, complain, feel, get up, hurry, remember, rest and relax.
I feel myself uncomfortable.[ incorrect]
I feel uncomfortable. [correct]
11. Placing after noun or pronoun for emphasizing:
Rabi himself went there.
She did it herself.
N.B.
Instead of ‘one’:
Here In covid, we see that some people are poor and weak. Some are rich and have fortune. The Khadasurakha Bill will help the poor and weaker ones. The rich ones should manage their foods themselves.
In the case of mixture person:
1st person to use selves;
eg, You, Ram and I will do all things ourselves.
But, in the absence of 1st person 2nd selves is used;
eg, You and Ram will do all things yourselves.
ADJECTIVE TYPE PRONOUN
Such pronouns as his, my, her, our, their, your etc are used only before nouns . Thus they work like an adjective .
POSSESSIVE PRONOUN
Technically, possessive pronouns are those pronouns that are used to show that something is possessed by someone or something. It is to be noted that possessive pronouns are not possessive adjectives because of having some distinctive features:
i) They are separated from nouns by the verbs coming before and after them.
ii) They are preceded by the preposition ‘of’
iii) by them nouns remain unexpressed.
Possessive pronouns possessive adjectives
My mine
our ours
your yours
his* his
her hers
their theirs
E.G.
This book is mine.
That house is theirs.
The address of my house and yours are the same.
N. B. i) ‘ His’ is used both as a Possessive Adjective and Possessive Pronoun:
The house is his.
This is his house.
ii) ‘Its’ is used only as a possessive adjective.
This den is its. ( incorrect)
This is its den.( correct)
iii) ‘of’ is used with hers, ours, yours, theirs, as;
That friend of yours is mischievous.
iv) In poetry we see, ‘mine’ is used before/ after noun:
“ Look through mine eyes.’’ Tennyson.
FUNCTION OF POSSESSIVE PRONOUN:
i)Subject position:
Yours is better than mine.
ours is the aim to free our country foreign influence.
ii) Subject complement:
This house is hers.
This umbrella is theirs .
iii) Object:
He wanted a pen, and I gave him yours.
Is this dog his?
iv) Complement of preposition:
They have parked the car behind yours.
v) After ‘than’ and ‘as’ in comparison:
My book is better than yours.
My land is more fertile than hers.
The girl’s voice is as beautiful as a mountain stream as yours.
N.B. ‘Own’ is used:
I know my own honour better than his.
THE USE OF ‘ OF’ WITH POSSESSIVE:
I) Normally we use ‘s’/ ‘ with people and animals.
eg, My friend’s house.
Show her women’s changing room.
ii) we, normally use ‘of’ with things:
The side of the house.
The day of the meeting.
iii) In long phrase, we use ‘of’ :
The address of those of our teachers in Spain.
iv) Both structures are used to refer places and organizations:
Murshidabad’s history.
The history of Murshidabad.
v)To refer to certain time:
(when & how long)
Yesterday’s paper.
A month’s delay.
A week’ holiday.
vi) ‘One of’
He is a friend of theirs.
She is a friend of mine.
EXERCISE
Fill in the blank spaces with reflexive pronouns.
I taught________ computer.
They saved_____________.
I cursed ______________.
He who helps __________ is the _________.
Don’t ruin ________ in trying to harm others.
I have to plan __________ buying a new home.
He addressed ___________ a servant.
He spoke to______________.
They looked at ______________.
I did the job by ___________ .
As for _________, I’ll manage it.
She must be ashamed of ___________.
Be cool and make __________ easy.
Everybody was present _________.
She was singing by ___________.
The cell will turn off by_____________ automatically.
2. Rewrite the sentences using Emphatic pronouns.
Unbelievably, the feared woman caught the thief.
You will create this problem.
The club secretary called a meeting yesterday.
You said so.
He was praised by the teacher.
The citizens, once, asked this question of tax reintroduction.
3. Use self-pronouns instead of ‘alone’, ‘without company’ or without help.
learn the lesson on your own.
I like to pass my time without company.
The old woman had been living in this village alone.
I will do it with my own efforts.
4. Correct the error of the following sentences.
I will afford it myself.
The manager is approaching himself.
Complain yourself to the local police station.
Rather I concentrated myself on my dish.
Then I feel myself sorry.
I decided myself to go there.
I get up myself from bed at 6pm.
hurry yourself.
He lied down himself on the floor.
May you meet yourself with God.
Rest yourself a while.
Relax yourself.
Remember yourself these words.
I like it if you sit down yourself.
We would better hurry ourselves.
I feel myself uncomfotable.
Change the dress yourself.
She will go dress herself.
My gandma is fit and she can dress.
After a long period after my accident, I can walk.
5. Fill the blank spaces below with possessive pronouns:
Your pen is better than _________.
This pen is ___________.
This umbrella is ____________.
This garden is ____________.
__________ is better than this.
________ is Nikeel. What is your name?
He was a well wisher of __________, her family.
I don’t have any extra pens.So I gave him __________.
Whose book is this? It is __________.
Is it _____________.
Do you have any additional excuses ? ________ don’t have any.
___________ is the country of liberty and equality.
DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUN:
Demonstrative pronouns are the pronouns which are used to point something that are not mentioned before.
E.G. This is my new address.
Those are trees brought from Africa.
The use of this and that;
A place or a situation:
This is a nice place for speaking freely.
This is high time to raise voices.
To introduce people:
Nastasha , this is my friend Rita.
That is Anil over there.
On the telephone , ‘this’ to say who we are and ‘that’ to ask who the other is.
This is Mr. Sen speaking….. who is that?
4. Near time ‘this’ or ‘these’ and further away in time ‘that’ and ‘those’, as in;
These are my days in Bombay.
Those were my happy days.
5. To refer back something or that has just happened or was just mentioned, we normally used ‘that’, as in;
I have lost my umbrella. That is the silly mistake I always make.
6. when something is going to happen, or when something we are going to say, we use ‘this’. As in,
This should be quite interesting if you will know.
I never accept this.
7. In case when we need to avoid a noun which has already been mentioned earlier, we use ‘that of’. As in;
Our students are better disciplined than those of neighbouring schools.
That of your book, this book will be more usable.
8. ‘This’ is associated with near and ‘that’ is associated with away. As’
Look! my child, this is a nice field.
Look! my child, that is the postman there.
9. In another case, ‘that’ plus ‘of’ is used, when we are talking about something that has already been mentioned before. As,
My destination is next to that of yours.
J.B.Shaw’s plays are compared well to those of Shakespeare.
INDEFINITE PRONOUN
These are non-specific type pronouns , and therefore , do not specify any particular person(s) or thing(s) etc.
‘Some’
Unspecified ,as in;
Some are born with the glory of fate.
Could you wait here some time?
I had to spend some years in that village.
Some of the goods I have bought are damaged.
In contrast with ‘others’;
Some people like the sea, others like mountains.
Some of us were late , but others were there in time.
Some plus Adjective plus Noun, as in;
Some new workers are needed for this job.
Would you like some more tea?
Some of ;
Some of us will not go.
2. “Any’
Unspecified, but used in different ways:
Whereas ‘some’ is used in affirmation, ‘Any’ is used in Non- affirmation:
Sorry, I haven’t got any sugar tonight.
In question:
Is there any sugar left?
In the case of negative condition:
However, I do not remember that I have read any of this poem in the anthology.
‘Some’ is associated with strong positive meaning and ‘Any’ is strong negative meaning:
Is there some coffee left?
yes.
Is there any coffee left?
nothing.
‘Any’ says about a complete negative meaning:
If you have any sense you will be at arm’s length from him.
‘Any’ is used with hardly, without, little and never. As,
You never give me any help.
There is hardly any tea left.
We will get there without any trouble.
We have little sense here that of any big we have.
3. Somebody:
[ Br. Someone, AmE- Somebody]
Unknown person:
Somebody/ someone at the door is waiting for you.
Somebody plus Adjective or Adverbial expression, as in
I hope someday you will get someone nice and handsome.
I will manage to meet someone in the meeting.
N. B. ‘Somewhere’ refers to an unknown place and something is to something unknown.
eg, Something is burning I smell.
Somewhere in this street I met him before.
In association with ‘else’
Do you want somebody else here?
THE US OF
SOME TIME
SOMETIME
SOMETIMES
1.‘Some time’ refers to quite a lot of time:
I lived in Assam for some time. So I can speak a little like their tongue.
2. ‘Sometime’ refers to indefinite time, especially of the future. As,
Would you like to have dinner together sometime next week?
When shall we meet sometime this year, next year or never?
3. ‘Sometimes’ means many occasions and may be present time, past time or future time.
eg, I sometimes spent long nights on the roof and watched the stars and the queen moon in those days.
THE USE OF SOMEWHERE AND ELSEWHERE
Somewhere always refers to , at , in or to a place that is not known to you before.
eg,
I don’t like this city at all. I like to live somewhere.
Elsewhere always refers to a new place that is not known or may be known before. before. But the use is formal and literary.
It refers to ,at, in , from or to another place.
eg,
Bad luck ! our favourite restaurant is closed. Let’s go elsewhere.
The price in West Bengal is higher than elsewhere.
THE USE OF EVERY AND EACH
With singular nouns to talk about a whole group, every and each are used.
E. g.
Every / Each room has a door .
Police questioned each man \ every man there.
n.b. Every means all the people, but each means an individual e.i. one by one.
E.G.
Every man watched them in the market.
Each man asked her his name.
THE USE OF ALL AND EVERY
Every refers to days that are counted.
eg, I went to church everyday . [ i.e. Monday , Tuesday]
All refers to time
eg, The children were playing in the giant’s garden all day long. [ i.e. from morning till evening.]
Sometimes ‘all’ is replaced with ‘whole’ or ‘complete’
eg, In those days, I spent my whole life waiting for him.
I will eat the complete loaf.
Every + singular noun + singular verb :
Every room is locked.
Every one of + us/ them\ you + verb sing :
Every one of them is crying.
Every one of the children has a cap.
‘Every’ refers to the interval of times:
I see the old lady every few days.
She came here every six weeks.
‘All’ is used with uncountable nouns :
I have spent all my money.
I wanted to see her all the time.
‘All of’ is used to refer to the total.
All of my family members went to the fair.
‘Not all’ refers to the negative:
Not all of my family members went to the fair.
None of my family members were off.
THE USE OPF BOTH, EITHER AND NEITHER
Both means one and the other:
I had read both letters.
Both of the letters are to him.
Noun after both, and pronoun before both:
The letters are both bills
I open them both.
‘Either’ means the one or the other between two:
I may count either of them.
‘Neither’ means not one or the other:
Neither of the shoes fits.
‘None’ refers more than two:
None of the books are of any use now.
I found none of the people I wanted to meet.
If ‘ none’ is head, singular verb is used, as in;
None of them is the man I want now. Leave me alone.
THE ‘NO’ AND ‘NONE’:
‘Not’ is a sentence negator, whereas no is used to negate the phrases:
eg, There aren't any hard circumstances.
There are no hard circumstances.
‘No’ is to be call an idiomatic:
He went there in no time. [ i.e. immediately]
No wonder he will pass the examination. [ not surprising as he is studying hard.]
‘No’ is used as the opposite of expression, as;
eg,
He is no fool.
She is no devil.
‘No’ is used with noun :
eg,
There is no train until tomorrow.
She had no pens.
‘ none is used alone, i.e. no noun after it, as;
There is none with me here in America.
I visited the fair with none.
we use ‘No’ to emphasize the words we utter, instead of ‘not’ or ‘not any’ as;
I have left no food, all devoured by rats. [ There is not a bit of food, all devoured by rats.]
The old woman was not helped by her son.
The old woman had no help from her son.
Sometimes ‘None’ starts sentence, as;
None of the children came to the giant's garden.
‘No’ is used as singular and plural, in both the senses, as;
The farmer had no son.
The farmer had no sons.
‘ No amount of’ is used with uncountable (or plural), when ‘ not one (of) ' is used with singular number.
E.G.
His father was a strict man. So no amount of excuses for not going to school on that day works well.
No amount of expensive treatment will cure her.
Not one man protests this.
THE USE OF ‘ONE’:
Showing of indefiniteness:
One evening she came to me and asked for some money.
In reference to number:
The meeting will be arranged not for any one particular group.
Used instead of noun phrase :
Gradually, his life has become one of a simple man.
A few men are as dull as this one.
To refer one person or things:
One had to do one’s duty.
‘Ones’ refer to plural:
Is this your hat ?
no, mine is another one.
His best novels are early ones.
DISTRIBUTIVE PRONOUN:
Each, either and neither are Distributive Pronouns. They refer to a single person or things in a group.
Note: A group of two is referred to by either, neither, but more than two in a group is referred to by any , no one and none.
E.g.
I bought each of these pens for ten rupees.
Either of you can come with me.
Neither of the remarks is true.
RECIPROCAL PRONOUN
The word reciprocate means mutual action. It is said that ‘each other’ is used for speaking of two persons or things, whereas ‘one another’ is used in speaking of more than two. Thus we example,
Two brothers loved but always quarreled each other
Three brothers grudges one another.
RELATIVE PRONOUN
These pronouns refer or relate to some noun that is placed before it and known as Antecedent. These pronouns are called conjunctive pronouns because they work as conjunctions.
Therefore, Relative Pronoun does double work, as pronoun and as conjunction.
Relative pronouns are:
Wh-type: who, whom, whose and which.
Demonstrative type : that
Wh-compound type : whoever, whichever, whosoever, and whatsoever.
Special type : what, as, and but.
Function of Relative Pronoun:
Join the clauses,as;
The novel which I am reading is authored by Satyajit Ray.
I know the boy who came here.
Substitute for nouns, as;
O Liberty ! give me the path that I want.
Clause introducer, as:
I know the boy who is my relative.
Read anything that interests you.
Uses of Relative Pronoun:
Person:
Subject : Who, that
Object : who ,whom, that
Possessive : whose
thing:
Subject : which, what
Object : which, what
Possessive : Noun+of which
animal:
Subject: that
Object : that
Examples
This is the boy who broke my cycle.
This is the girl whom all praise for bravery.
Those are the laborers whose wages are unpaid.
This is the boy that gave me this book.
Any man that has once seen him has helped him.
I know what you are saying .
The man whom you saw last night is my painting teacher.
There are a few birds but soar higher. [ that do not]
Whatever you’ll say goes against you.
Whoever answers these questions will be rewarded.
Whosoever will come here will go there.
N.B.1. Sometimes ‘who’ is used instead of animals:
The dog who was my favorite died last night.
2. Sometimes ‘whose’ is used instead of thing:
The camera whose display was not working has now been repaired.
3. ‘Whom’ can be replaced by ‘that’ in that case a preposition is placed at the end of the sentence.
This is the man about whom we were concerned.
This is the man that we were concerned about.
THE USE OF ‘THAT’ IN PLACE OF ‘WHO’ AND ‘WHICH’:
1.After the superlative degree of adjective plus noun.
E.g.
He is the best man I have seen in this city.
2. ‘That’ is used after all that, none, nothing, any, only, etc.
E.G.
It is only you that I have believed.
Nothing that we can do now saves her.
3. If a sentence starts with ‘there’ and thereafter the verb to be.
eg, There is the banyan tree that was brought from England.
4.After interrogative pronouns like ‘who’ ‘what’ ‘which’ etc.
eg,
Who is she that has scolded you ?
What is there in store for me that I don’t know ?
5. In lieu of ‘in which’, ‘on which’ and ‘at which’?
Do we remember the day on which we met ?
Do we remember the day that we met?
‘AS’ IS USED AS RELATIVE PRONOUN:
After such , same and as:
I have such a book as you have.
I have scored as many goals as you did.
ZERO RELATIVE PRONOUN:
This is the only way (that) you could solve the problem?
The girl (whom) I loved had to be left by me for that only reason.
ZERO ANTECEDENT:
Sometimes antecedent is omitted. As this,
Who eats little shall sleep much.
Whom God protects no one can kill.
COMPOUND RELATIVE:
Compound Relatives are used in a sense that it does not matter Who or which.
Whatever happens, I will not retreat.
Take any of the routes whichever you like.
Whoever will come will be welcomed with whatever I have.
INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS:
Interrogative pronouns are used for questions. Interrogative pronouns are who,whom, whose, which etc.
THE USE OF INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS:
Interrogative pronouns qualify the nouns placed before them, as;
Which book are you reading now?
What massage is he bringing here?
Whose house did he buy?
Asking about subjects:
Who has done this?
Which of them is the eldest ?
What causes disease?
As subject: [ Interrogative pronouns + verb Be]
Who are these boys?
What is this house?
Whose are these?
As object : [ Verb + Subject]
Who did you see ?
Which of these would you prefer ?
Whose is this ?
Name and family:
Who is he?
Which one is he?
Interrogative adjective:
Which one is he?
Which way should I go?
What books have you read?
Intensive:
Whatever are you going to do ?
Whoever are you ?
Whoever told you this idea?
MORE EXAMPLES OF RELATIVE PRONOUNS:
1.Who gave you this knife?
2.Who speaks?
3.Who is knocking at the door?
4.Which of the girls is the tallest ?
5.Which will you prefer; coffee or coffee?
6.Whose is this book?
7.Whose is this umbrella?
8. To whom did you give it?
9. What is his occupation?
10.What is this tool used for?
11.What was it all about?
12. What if there is no rain?
13. Which are you?
14. What is he ?
15. What is this man ?
N.B. What - profession or employment
A D J E C T I V E
An adjective is a describing word. It describes a noun, that is, adding something to its meaning.
KINDS OF ADJECTIVE:
Adjective of quality: This kind of adjective is a descriptive type that describes the quality or characteristic of a person, animal, place or thing.
Example
The clever old gray fellow sits on the chair under the tree.
She put her hand on the red smooth bark of a tall tree.
He learnt the French language.
This is an Indian flag, by British character.
N.B. More adjectives of this class are big, small, hot, foolish etc.
Adjectives formed from the Proper Noun are adjective of quality
Adjective of quantity:
The adjective of quantity tells about how much there is.
Examples:
Give me some water.
Much water is needed for this plant.
The food is enough.
I have little money to go there.
The poor beggar spent his days with half bread.
This is sufficient proof for his guilt.
3.Adjective of number:
An adjective of number includes how many and what order.
Definite Number
Indefinite Number
Distributive Numeral.
Definite number :
Definite number speaks about the exact number, as;
Two old men are sitting there.
He is the second man in command.
Definite Numbers are two kinds:
i) Co-ordinal Numbers (how many) : one, two, three, six, seven etc.
ii) Ordinal Number ( the serial) : first, second, three, four, 5th,6th, 7th etc.
N.B.
Twelve : twelfth
Thirteen : thirteenth
Twenty: twentieth.
Thirty one : thirty first
31st., 21st61st. etc.
Thirty two : thirty second, 22nd.
Thirty three : thirty third.
30th : thirtieth.
Multiplicatives:
One and only : single
Twofold: double
Threefold: tripple
Fourth Fold: quadruple
Six fold, Seven Fold etc.
Indefinite Number:
Denoting numbers without saying precisely what number, as in;
No men live forever.
All men are mortal.
Some men die young.
Many are poor, but a few are rich.
None help me here.
Note:
It is notable that definite number can be made indefinite by placing ‘some’ or ‘about’ with them,as in;
Some twenty men are present in the meeting. [more or less]
About a hundred people witness the incident.[ more or less]
Distributive numeral adjective:
Distributive numeral adjective refers to each single person or each single thing. These are each, every, either and neither.
Each soldier should be ready to fight.
Every man had a gun.
N.B. ‘every’ means some number exceeding two.
***Period or Space of time:
It happens every five hours.
The symptoms appear every other day.[ on every second day]
You should take either side of the road.
He takes neither side of the yes/no.
*** ‘Some’ and ‘any’ are used by both number of adjective and adjective of quantity, as;
Some boys threw stones at the frogs.
Some milk is left in the cup.
He did not eat any food.
He may talk to any boys in the class.
4.Demonstrative Adjectives:
Demonstrative adjectives are this, these, that, those and such etc.
Use of ‘so’
We use ‘so’ when we do not want to repeat an adjective, adverb or whole clause, as in;
The workers engaged in strikes for wages increase , and they have the right to do so.
He took it more seriously, but his son did not do so.( seriously).
Bob should be a new director. At best I think so.[that he should be a new director]
continued...
nice
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