FREEDOM BY G.B.SHAW

                          FREEDOM

  BY GEORGE BERNARD SHAW (1856-1950)

   “.... things are not what they seem to be at the surface….”

    

This essay was intended for a radio lecture. For gripping and comprehending the essay, we should know some words and expressions. 

shirk  : Making a loud cry because of being excited , afraid or angry; that is, we can not avoid it.

Upperhand : To  power or supremacy.

Fraud or trickery : a deceitful conduct.

NOTE: Here it is important to understand whom we call a free person. According to him, a free person is one who can do everything that he likes. But this is not possible in any way because of living, drinking , sleeping and washing.

Another important thing he mentions is stealing of labor, and how it has been stolen. He exposes by giving a brilliant example, that is, bees by hard labor produce honey which is taken out by men. Such an action is seen as coaxing the laities or simply leading people and deceiving them and preaching about sacred duty. Thus no freedom comes in.

Beware : be cautious.

Shift to : replace by other.

 Impose on : tactfully comply with someone to have the same.

NOTE: All honest Governments make promises that they will protect the commoners from deception and exploitation, but in reality it is seen that governments are doing the opposite. They enforce slavery. Just they hold the greed of the master class to be let loose in future. They overturn the chattel slavery and allow freedom to workers to change their utilizers.

The key of the street : The key of the street , in lieu of the key of the door , that is , you are able to go wherever and whenever you like. Insecurely free to choose the employers who have total freedom to use you.

Constitute : to be considered to be something\ make.

Unnatural slavery of man to man : to work under another man is unnatural.

Building societies :   a financial institution which provides housing and home  loans at a higher rate of interest.

Realize : fulfill

Tramp :  a person who  aimlessly travels the road.

Home Sweet Home : a song sung in praise of domestic happiness.

Proclaim : declare.

Prophet  : a man who believes in God’s doctrine.

Trade union :  a labor union.

Employer’s Federation : Association of the employers.

Canonize  : enroll in the list of saints.

Saint Thomas More : writer of Utopia in which he described an ideal world which is sourced by equality and fraternity.

King Chales’s head : Charles the first was beheaded in 1649. There was the Puritan revolution between 1641 and 1649.Charles the first ignored the Parliament which was dominated by the Puritans under the leadership of Cromwell.

Spanish Armada : Spain built a strong naval fleet called Spanish Armada. England destroyed the Spanish Armada in 1588 and set up her naval supremacy.

Grumble  : murmur with discontent.

Dole : a charitable gift of measured amount.

Imposter : a pretender.

Atheists : who do not believe in God.

Libertines  :whose characters are loose.

revolutionist  : One who promotes a revolution.

Restore  :bring back to its former state.

Enthusiastically  :ardently.

Abuse : insulting and using bad language.

Calumnies  : slanders.

Denounce  : condemned 

abominable : extremely hateful.

Prodigious : marvelous\ huge.

Mass of humbug  : matter of deceit.

Delude  :deceive.

Preparatory school : school that imparts primary education to children upto 12 years.

Public School : privately run school; generally boys of the rich parents read in these schools.

Snobbery :respect and despise others according to their social position.

Rack-rented : severely taxed and rented high.

underpay : to pay someone too little for their work.

Treated -as- inferiors : downtrodden section of the society.

Cast of on the dole : workers who have to depend on the Government grants and subsidies.

To kick over the traces : destroy completely.

Gangsterism : policy of goondaism.

Napoleonic genius : the genius like Napoleon.

Three cheers   : greeted.

Made of cross  : voting process in a democratic country. 

New deal and dole :

 The new deal is an American term referring to President Roosevelt’s scheme for social reconstruction in the 1930s. The term ‘dole’ refers to unemployment play.

Wireless : a system of sending messages by radio.

robed in  : wearing long loose clothes.

Best groomed  : best trained.

Contended : quarrel \ argue.

God-like superiority : an attitude of being superior.

Idolaters : Hero -worshippers.

Enfranchised  : set free\ give the right of voting.

Titled Lady :  such an aristocrat as wife of lord.

Idolatry : hero worship
Arrogance : Haughtiness.

Propaganda : the organized spreading of the news.

Cradles : infancy\ a rocking bed.

Prejudice : bias.

Vast farms :agricultural products.

Consequently : therefore.

 Exploit : utilize for own ends.

chapel  : a religious building.

Osteopathy : related to bones and muscle.

Melancholy  : depressed.

Lost spirit : sorrowful.

 Oriental  : native\ eastern

Perish : waste away.

Trade unionism gone mad : made practice of trade unionism.

Sanction : ratify

 Benighted : ignored 

In the lump  : collectively.

Leisure : spare time

Clamoring :  an outcry

Anarchist :an advocate of lawlessness.

Conundrum : a riddle .

    THE ESSAY AT ONE GLANCE

1.Whom we call a free person.

2. Jobless men and how Government make man slaves.

3. Slavery to Nature and slavery to man.

4. How master class deludes the people.

5. How master class does repression and restore slave order.

6. Division between superior class and inferior class.

7.Idolatry of the slave and arrogance of master class.

8.Restriction of freedom.

9.Restriction on liberty.

10 Freedom is the question of choice.

          A SHORT LIST OF SHORT-TYPE QUESTIONS       

1.Why do men never get perfect freedom ?

Men must eat, sleep, wash, dress and undress. They bind with necessities and are slaves to them. Therefore, men never get perfect freedom.

2. What are natural jobs that men cannot ‘shirk’ ?

To Bernard Shaw, whether a man is an emperor or a wage earner, he must eat, wash ,dress and undress that they cannot shirk.

3. What do Bernard Shaw mean by the additional slavery of women ?

 Like men, women have the necessities. Apart from these, they have to bear children because men add people to the population.

4. Why do master class and slave present in the society?

We need things to live such as food, houses ,clothes , and these things are made and produced by others whom we force and fraud. From the dawn of civilization, this thing has continued.Thus masterclass and slave class come in the society.

5. How are people deceived by governments?

People have the stomachs to fill and so they have to earn bread for which they work. The governments make them work for eight to fourteen hours a day. If any uprising is arisen by them, they are satisfied by the governments by promising of casting votes and granting of changing masters. But their working times remain the same.

6. How do the master class delude the people by saying to them that they are free ?

 Master class builds parliament, schools and provides with newspaper so that men does not realize slavery. Through the Magna Carta , Bill of rights, Victories of Trafalgar and Waterloo, this wanted men to believe that they are free.

7. How is human labor stolen by the masterclass ?

If anything is produced by human labor, there must be the chance of stealing. Bees, for example, produce honey and men take it out. This is how masterclass steals human labor.

8. How much of our time does we spend to the slave of our necessities? 

Half of the day is spent to the slave of such  necessities as eating, sleeping, dressing,undressing etc.  by us.

9 What is “Home, Sweet Home” ?

Home Sweet Home is a kind of patriotic song that is sung by the homeless tramp when they are provided with livelihood. Therefore, they get married and build societies and realize their dreams.

 

10. How many kind of slavery are seen according to author?

According to author, two kinds are seen - natural slavery of man to Nature and unnatural slavery of man to man.

11. What is the big difference between natural slavery and unnatural slavery ?

Natural slavery of man to Nature is pleasant because Nature is kind to her slaves whereas unnatural slavery of man to man is unpleasant because man may be unkind.

12.What do poets say about slavery ?

All poets say that it not reliable to be a slave of man because man may be unreliable.

13. Who is Karl Marx ? 

Karl Marx is a German philosopher. He wrote ‘Das Kapital’, the doctrine of Communism and socialism.

14. What did he say about slavery ?

Karl Marx , the German philosopher said that selfish cruelty is bridleless and it will be stopped by law.

15.What is the meaning of ‘Canonised’ ?

The term means to be declared a saint and enlisted as a saint in the Christian Calendar.

16.What is meant by class war ?

The phrase ‘Class war’ means the war between the capitalists and the laborers. Lebor classes have  trade unions , while  Employers have  Employers’ Federations. Each other works for their own interests.

17.What is hateful to the body and spirit ?

The slavery of man to man is hateful to the body and to the spirit.

18. How does the master class redeem their promise to the working class that they shall govern the country ?

 Master class says to the working class that they (working class) have the right to vote and have a general election that is held every five years.

19.  Why does not  vote solve the problem of the working class?

Though voting is held every five years,it does not reduce the working hours of a labor.

20. Who is called the master class ?

According to author Bernard Shaw, master class refers to the employers.

21.How were the British taught that their country is free?

The British were taught that they were free because King John signed Magna Carta in 1215, Spanish Armada, in 1588,was defeated by British navy ,Charles I’s head was cut off in 1649 , the Bill of Rights was signed by King william in 1688, the battle at Waterloo and Trafalgar were won by British and America was declared independent in 1775.

22. What conundrum does Shaw leave for us and what advice does he provide?

Shaw leaves us with the conundrum to think.There are two choices for workers : 

i) Whether, we would work for eight hours a day and retire with full pension at fortyfive 

ii) Or, we would work for four hours a day and continue working till seventy.

In this connection, He provided the workers with advice that they would better consult with their better-halves.

22. What is Napoleonic genius ?

Napoleon  was a brave soldier of french. He belonged to a simple farming family and became a famous general and emperor. Anyone who has the quality like Napoleon, according to author, is Napoleonic genius.

23. What is Restricted Freedom ?

Restricted Freedom means the Freedom that is restricted by law of the land and if not restricted, an absolute freedom will lead to anarchy and lawlessness.

24.What is ‘rack- rented ?

Shaw means the cruelties of tax or rent that are demanded by the landlords.

25.What kind of strike does Shaw advise ?

There would be one big  strike of a particular trade and other trades would work overtime to support it.

26.Why is the general strike called the extreme form of human folly ?

General strike makes people undone and weak.If all trades are closed at the sametime , workers would suffer extremely and waste away.

27. How many men desire more freedom ?

Nine out  of ten of men desire more freedom.

28.What does the author ask us not to draw ? 

The author asks us not to draw the conclusion so lightly about natural and historical facts that we may conclude dangerously if we do not have the right sort of knowledge.

29. Who is Iago ?

Iago , a villainous character in Shakespeare’s drama , ‘Othello’ destroyed the happy life of Othollo and Desdemona.

30.What does the expression “put money in thy purse’’ say ?

Iago, a villainous character in Shakespeare’s ‘Othello’ gives advice to a fool that he should put money in his purse. He wanted to exploit Roderigo for running the life of Othello and Desdemona.

31.Who was Aristotle? What did he say about the maintenance of law and order in the state ?

Aristotle was a Greek Philosopher, 384-322, wrote Poetics, Republic etc. 

By “the maintenance of law and order in the state’’ the author exemplifies that people must obey the persons who are beautifully dressed and well brushed, robed and uniformed, travel in a first- class and expensive car and who does everything by ringing a bell.

 32. What is the meaning “this prodigious mass of humbug’’

By the phrase “ this prodigious mass of humbug’’, Shaw means that political reforms, military victories and some economic measures were advertised as a great victory of freedom for common people. But this does not help much with the problem of the working class. Neither it reduces the working hours nor does it solve the money problem ,rather they are rented at high rates.

33.What does Shaw call common men idolaters for ?

Shaw concerns that the master class always wants people who are obedient to them; law-obedient workers and law-abiding citizens. Common men like heroes, but they cast votes for an aristocrat lady but a common woman because she does not have wealth and personality as the aristocrat lady has.

 34.What are the factors that curtail the freedom of common men?

There are a number of factors that curtail the freedom of common men which are men compiled by Nature, freedom limited by the laws of land and by landlords and employers.

 35.What is meant by Anarchist ?

Anarchist is one who does not believe in any government . He says that whoever the parliamentary candidate is and whatever the political organization he belongs to may be an anarchist because he exploits and cheats the common people and he must be arrested by the police.

36.Name some great thinkers of the eighteenth century and also name some great men of the nineteenth century who protest against the capitalist class ? 

Some great men in the eighteenth century are Voltaire and Rousseau of France, and Tom Paine of America.

And also names of some great men in the nineteenth century are Cobbett, an English journalist, Shelley , an English poet, Karl Marx , the German philosopher, Ferdinand Lassale, German socialist who fought against the imposture of the capitalist.

37. Write the names of two books of Karl Marx.

Two great books written by Karl Marx are ‘Communist Manifesto’ and ‘Das Kapital’

38. Name a few famous thinkers of the  twentieth century ?

Lalin, a revolutionary of Russia and Trotsky , a Russian revolutionary journalist and after Lalin Stalin were the thinkers of few of the twentieth century.

39. What is the New Deal and Dole ?

The New Deal is an American term referring to President Roosevelt’s schemes for social reconstruction in 1930.

Dole is a term for unemployment pay. The “New deal and dole” is meant for suppressing upright heads of the working class.

40.What is meant By Rule of Britannia ?

This is the title of a patriotic song of England celebrating England’s rule over the world.

41.What is the Bill of Rights ?

The Bill of Rights was made by King William in 1688 and it is popular as the Glorious Revolution because no split of blood between king and demanders took place and Catholic and Puritans united. 

42.What is the American declaration of independence about ?

In 1776, after a long battle with England which started with their demand for the abolition of the Stamp Act of 1765 , America ,then a British Colony granted independence and declared a decree.

43.What is the meaning of “ Satan made mischief’’ ?

In the context of the essay ‘Freedom’ by Bernard Shaw, the above phrase occurs and that means that wicked impulsation wipes out man’s good will and that workers do not know the best way to use money and leisure  indulges in wine and wasteful expenditures.

          EXPLANATIONS 

1. “ Then our diplomats , after having for years denounced the revolutionary leaders as the most abominable villains and tyrants, have to do a right turn and invite them to dinner’’- explain.

The quoted line is taken from ‘freedom’ of G. B. Shaw.

Shaw draws out an insincerity that played  in the name of Freedom . Wearing a mask of self-interest, the master class called on common people’s attention to democracy and freedom. A group of sharp minded men  like Voltaire, Rousseau,Tom Paine, Marx, Trotsky protested against that. They brought awareness of the common people. As soon as they did it, they were called scoundrels by the master class and their books were soon banned. When their scholars made a revolution, especially in Russia, England called war on them and  asked for help from other powers to curb the revolutionists with the tendency to restore slave order. They propagandized that this was British freedom, and therefore the British public delighted in it. They indulge in defamatory and fabricated falsehood against revolution.  The revolutionist state is turned into a military power and merged into the imperialists. Moreover, the stigmatized revolutionary leaders were invited to dine to guideline war. Dramatically, the capitalist England 

and socialist Russia were inspired,  and they merged into imperialistic ambition. Consequently, slavery remained as to previous economy.

2. “In hard times, such as we are now passing through , their disgust and despair sometimes lead them to kick over the traces, upset everything , and have to be rescued from mere gangsterism by some Napoleonic genius who has a fancy for being an emperor, and who has the courage and brains and energy to jump at the chance’’ - why?

 The above quoted statement occurs in the essay ‘Freedom’ written by Bernard Shaw.

Here, Shaw has given a fact that not only the working class but also the master class has been deceived by the system. Master class receives their education at public school and university where they are taught history that misleads them and they are also taught politics and economics, and both the subjects make them dishonest.They become gentlemen by transferring the taught and thought of gentleman’s education.

The gentleman’s education inculcates in their minds that they are finer than common men who serves them: brushing their clothes, carrying their parcels, and earning income for them.They are trusted with the system that it provides them fit and suit situation and circumstance and that they are the best for their merits. Now, they obviously try to defend the system and uniform it. The huge number of people are taxed, either they are rented high, underpaid or treated as inferiors. They are said to be dole workers. Moreover, in this headless and heartless system, class war must be settled. The downtrodden and ill-fated working class tries to uproot the system, for example, the French Revolution. Thus the master class themselves deceives, and fails to understand the behind screen as they believe. On the other hand, the working class tends to be unsteadiness. Though they give in to the democratic process in England and America and though they take in, they take up with emperor Napoleon. Being friendly, Shaw delineates the contradictory characters of the master class and the working class. One is unconsciously satisfied with the yielding situation, the other is illusively deceived by democratic system. Capitalists ,therefore, work on them.

3. “They elected only one woman - a titled lady of great wealth and exceptionally fascinating personality” - Explain.

The quoted words are taken from the essay “freedom” by G.B. Shaw.

George Bernard Shaw ironically states that common men are factless: ignorant and idolaters. They have a contaminated belief that slavery is not a vile. They believe master class to be a god. The master class is as exceptional as God. They dress well and move in costly cars and also ring a bell. All these accord aristocracy to the master class. Common people , of their usual nature, are hero-worshippers.  They believe aristocratic people to be their heroes.

Because of this reason, common people or the working class do not cast votes for someone who belongs to their own class. A woman who nominates and sits in the Parliament is not elected because she comes from the working class. Although she is fighting for the cause of the workers or commoners, she is disliked. Rather, they cast votes for an aristocratic lady like Lady Astor. In 1919, Lady Astor was chosen in the House of Common for being a titled lady. She was titled as she was the wife of Lord Astor. Usually, both Lord and Lady refer to aristocratic men and women.

4. “ What are we going to do with them? I was taught in my childhood that Satan will still find mischief.” - Explain.

The above line is taken from the essay “Freedom” by Bernard Shaw.

In the above line he wants to say about the zeal of present society. The present society never gives freedom to the people although having democratic fundamentals. As a result, people, not demanding freedom, ask for leisure and time, and therefore they should be given more leisure by reducing the working hours. Shaw asks four hours a day which will allow them to buy a book or to book a seat in the theatre hall or to see a football match. According to him, working eight hours is very tiring and boring. Also, they will not have enough time for leisure and if not leisure, where and when they will spend money. 

Yet, Shaw thinks that a heap of money may lead to a vile. Being evil minded, Satan leads people to evil activities and poisons them. Low paid hardly drinks, and possibly, more paid will take wine and other devilish life. Thereafter, they will lose money, happiness and health. More money and leisure are not wholesome. He calls the attention that only educated people will appreciate the time and money. Thus working class or common people will not understand the reason for the more allowance.

5. “Now don’t send the answer to me please : talk it over with your wife” - Explain.

Above quoted line is taken from the essay ‘Freedom’ by Bernard Shaw. 

This is the concluding line of the essay. Shaw means that freedom is not possible. It is vague. It is now an illusion. There are two classes : master class and working class. Class distinction comes from the hands of the master class and from the idolaters working class. If class distinction is present, never have any freedom. There are other factors that bar freedom. Such factors as laws of nature, laws of the land and also landlords and the employers limit freedom of the people. If casting votes, no freedom is there at all. Democratic right to vote does not solve the problem of equal distribution of income. Giving up slavery has been crying for yeas after years,ages after ages. So it is far better that people avoid speaking and asking for freedom.

Therefore, the working class asks to reduce their working hours so that they  can refresh themselves and can improve their creativity. Be it their choice, they have other two choices. They do the work for eight hours and retire with a full pension in their forties. And also they have another option that they do the work for four hours a day till seventy. These choices are very important; therefore, they ought to make this decision after consulting with their wife. Depending on the circumstances, workers must not be puzzled, but should not avoid. But for their wives’ help, this question is a mystery. They are asked to think about it.

  Shaw suggests that curtailing working hours is a necessary step for the freedom of the working class. But freedom to do whatever you want to do is impossible  and unproportionate. And also, more money and more leisure is not against freedom, if not be boasted for freedom to do whatever you want to do.

6.Why does G. B. Shaw think of man as a slave to nature?

Or, What is the difference between man as slave to nature and man as slave to man?

In his essay ‘ Freedom’, Shaw says that man is a slave to Nature. Also, he makes a discovery of how men are really this. He has instituted an united structure of the argument of his. He begins his argument coining both lightly and deeply, laughingly but seriously. Man is a social animal. He can not live alone. He has to take the sustenance of life- activity. Owing to this, he is a slave to necessities. He must eat, drink ,sleep, wash and  dress.  These things can not be avoided by man, and therefore to them man is a slave. Although slavery is opposite to freedom, the slavery to Nature has a pleasant taste. Nature is kind. She is too kind too. She Gives man food which is very tasty. She gives him drinking water which is pleasant. He can not quench his thirst when under the scorching heat of summer he finds some cool water. She provides him with family. For which he wants to bind with a wedding knot. He wants to build houses. He projects his life. 

But slavery to a man is unacceptable either be it body or be it mind. No saints and no scholars accept it because slavery of man to a man is unpleasant, Getting into a man to the another man is brutal and uncivilized. A slavery to man must lead to a sort of war. A class-war is a must between slaves and master class. Man slavery unstables the stable and established society. Therefore, it must need that  man slavery should  be given up.

Shaw indirectly makes his opinion strong by bringing the quotes from the names of few renowned philosophers, Marx and More. He points out that slavery of man to man is ignoble by giving some historical phenomenons.

Just to say, slavery is a bad thing. But Nature orders man to do certain things for man’s natural needs. Man must do them and never die, or violate them and die.

  7. Write a note on the ironical concern installed in in the essay ‘ Freedom’ by G.B. Shaw.

 In his essay ‘Freedom’, George Bernard Shaw creates a devastating ironical atmosphere. Man is illusioned by the word ‘freedom’ and by the present modern capitalistic and socialistic societies. According to Shaw, ‘freedom’ is an existing word, but in real life, freedom is not possible. Men are fed the idea of freedom. Men have accepted the laws of Nature and obey them joyfully because Nature is kind to her.  Men have condemned the slavery of man because  man slavery is barbaric. Man slavery is controlled by master class who enjoy privileges and make people fools.

 With his characteristic irony, he says that people have the right to give votes . They have  given the New Deal and the dole. There is another irony when he says the “ the revolutionized state grows into a first-rate military power’’ English diplomates hate the revolutionary leaders as villains and tyrants then invite them to dinner.

Shaw makes the ironic penetration  of the Horacio attitude of the common people. Thus they make the choice of a rich master class because they are well dressed and sophisticated like Lady Astor.

Shaw thus denotes that in the modern socio- economic system, freedom is nothing but a conjecture. Through creating a characteristic humor, he talks about the characteristics of the master class and working class . The master class feed themselves well in the agreeable situation and are unaware about the underlying defects in the system, whereas the working class are fed hope of freedom by the deceptive and dramatic  democratic system.

ESSAY- TYPE QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS :  

1.Write a note on the essay ‘Freedom’ by Bernard Shaw.

Ans.Bernard Shaw is a versatile genius. He is famous for his work in satirical literature. In this essay ‘Freedom’, he talks about the concept of freedom, and how it has been meant by men through the ages. Actually he wrote this essay for a radio lecture. It is a reflective essay; it falls in the category of expository type.

In this essay, he wants to inform us that man is actually a slave. 

He makes us understand this thing step by step with logical help. Though he uses some exaggeration and overstatement, he uses them only for fun and irony.  

To him, men is a slave of necessities. To him, there are two types of slave. One is the slave to Nature, and the other is a slave to man. He prefers a slave of Nature to the slave of man. In addition to his own statement, he makes his statement strong,reasonable and supportive by taking the quotes of famous philosophers like Marx and More. He cites a division of class : Master class and Working class or common men. Fun and serious in the essay, he shows us many historical instances that man is befooled by master class, whether politically or economically.

Ironically, he says that master class has allowed the common men or working class voting right. In this context he provides an ironical statement, “the revolutionized State grows into a first-rate military power.’’ He makes  the irony clear by saying that English diplomats who have  hated revolutionary leaders as villains and tyrannies, invite them to dinner. He makes this statement because Russia joined England and America in World War II.

Shaw also talks about the conceitedness of master class and a pagan type attachment of common men. Common men meekly abide by the decision of the master class. On the other hand, the master class believes that they are educated at the aristocratic public school and the best and therefore have the right to mastery over the common men or the working class. It is no wonder to think that common people like and have a  strong belief in the Napoleonic deeds. Doubtfully, he wonders whether such an attitude would come to a change.

After that, Shaw refers to the productivity that is increased by use of machines. Modern machines produce more and its use is fully controlled by the master class. They make an artificial crisis and the working class goes beyond buying power as prices soar higher and higher. Thus unsustainable development is hindered. The freedom of equality has been barred.

There is another thing that works against the freedom of  common men is the power of landlords and employers. A landowner never allows you to go to a chapel instead of going to a church. Similarly an employer never allows you in his office without a uniform. Shaw does not agree with the trade unions’ general strikes. In general strikes, small concerns are closed and the working class has to suffer and starve.

Illusioned, freedom is asked by the working class in another way. They made a demand for more leisure and more money.

They desire leisure because they become tired by working eight hours a day which needs to be curtailed into four hours a day. If they have leisure time they need more money. Shaw quotes a remark that is made by Iago in “Othello” , “Put money in your purse.’’In this capitalistic society, it feeds and fits because freedom of working class or common men is a dream. Master class knows that if they are allowed more leisure and more money, they must get into sinful activities. Lastly he ends his essay with a riddle that people are asked to consult their wives how many hours they should work. If they should work eight hours a day and retire in their forties, or if they should work four hours a day till seventy. 

 The essay has been structured finely. The language has been used lucidly , but thoughts have been instilled deeply. The essay has a unique quality of combination of laughter and seriousness, and philosophy with fun. It must be enjoyed by a laity and must be analyzed by a scholarly man.

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