THE STUDY OF PROSE
THE STUDY OF PROSE
The word 'prose' has started its journey from the Latine word 'prosa'. Precisely, the word 'prose' means stating the production directly, without any hesitation. Through the prose a literary genius passes his or her thoughts and feelings . Questions may be posed that , what and how thoughts and feelings are said. Here comes the prose works; subject and style. The first one is the matter, and the second one is the manner,the matter-setting.
The classifying work is always best because of having an analytical method. An analytical mind is better than that of entertaining . Talk has no end. Therefore, let us come to the different kinds of prose.
Prose works may be divided into two grounds which are:
1) Class, and
2) Form.
1) Class-types are:
a) Descriptive,
b) Narrative,
3) expository, and
4) Intermixture.
1) Form:
a) fictional
b) Non- Fictional
Again, fictional types include stories and novels, and non-functional types include essays, letters, biographies , and diary writing.
D E S C R I P T I V E P R O S E
Descriptive prose deals with description and appearance of a thing, place, person,or an event. If the the writer has a good observing sense of sight, he will be abled to reproduce every inch of them by his word planting power. Dealing with, it is a passive kind work.
Action Plan for the descriptive prose:
1) Passively writing.
2) Attention of words,phrases, and sentence structure.
3) Time taking for creating suspenson
of planting expectation.
4) The use of devices for expansion of expression.
5) Accumulation of words, sentences and paragraphs.
6) Reproduction of actual work, the
truth.
7) Presentation and imagination.
8) Perception and purpose.
9) Freezing of objects before fading
from memory( Immediately done)
10) Capturing attention on character or
situation.
11) Use of colon for explanation and
statement making.
12) The use of semicolon for mass fixing.
13) Pivoting on action of feeling on time and space mechanism.
14) The use of verbs and repetition of expression as well as sentences.
STUDY OF PARAGRAPHS , PASSAGES AND DESCRIPTIVE TOPICS:
Examples of Descriptive paragraphs:
1)
HOW POSTAL SYSTEM WORKS
The job involved in the postal system is not easy at all. First, letters are written and dropped in postal boxes. Letters are collected from these boxes by postmen of different post offices. Then the collected letters are brought to the offices,and sorted.Next the sorted letters are despatched by terminals depending on addresses.From the terminals, letters are brought to the Head post offices by mail vans. After letters are sent to various post offices.Now letters are collected by the postmen. At last,they are delivered to the addressees by post men by cycle in different addresses.
2)
HOW NEWSPAPERS ARE PRODUCED
Newspapers are one of the strongest mass media in the present era. It is produced through a complicated process. At first, pieces of news are collected by press reporters from different places,and pictures are taken by the press photographers.Later they are edited and given different headings.After proof, Newspapers are printed and cut and folded.Then these are made ready for distribution.Finally, these are delivered through hawkers.
3)
PROCESSING POWDER MILK
The making of powder milk from liquid milk is very interesting.At first, liquid milk is collected from dariries.Then the milk is boiled for sometime. Thereafter the milk is dried to make powder. Next chemical properties are mixed for a long life of the powder. After powder milk is put into the suitable packets and sealed.At last the packets of powder milk are sent to the markets.
4)
EARTHQUAKE DEMANDS THOUSANDS
Burdwan, September 25:At last thousand people were killed and many thousands have been seriously injured in the worst earthquake in the country, in and around Burdwan district, yesterday at about 7pm. According to official sources the quake was measured 7.9 on the Richter sc jiale at Burdwan,the epicentre.The tremor was felt in a few hundred sq. kilometres of areas, including a part Mushidabad.Houses were completely destroyed,and electricity and communication were snapped. Immediately army jawans and local police jumped and thousands were rescued. Many dead bodies from under the debris were found. More wounded persons were rescued.it is apprehended that many are still trapped under the debris.Top officials in the Administration have visited the spot with immediacy.Serious one being met to the medical emergency.The latest report says that rescue work is going on in full swing.
5)
CITY'S SELFISHNESS
An elderly man was found lying dirt condition on the railway road near Victoria cinema hall today at about 1pm.He was totally unattended by the passers-by. It is reported that he was there unattended for a couple of hours. Later he was caught attention by a policeman and admitted to a local government hospital. Doctors pronounced him dead and said," If he was brought earlier there was a chance of his life." Afer making an announcement by local thana, the body of the old was identified. That the selfish and heartless is noticed and unsympathetic, is said by the city police to one of the elderly man's relatives.
6)
ANGINA PECTORIS
This is sometimes called angina of effort because physical effort causes ischemic choking or constricting pain in the chest. Angina pectoris is thus a symptom of cardiac ischemia but not a disease. Normally, narrowed arteries may supply sufficient blood to an area of the heart wall to meet its need during rest or moderate exercise but not when effort is increased e.g. walking may be tolerated but not running. The thick inflexible atheromatous artery wall is unable to dilate to allow for increased blood flow needed by the more active myocardium. In the early stages of development of disease, the pain stops soon after the extra effort stops which results in pain.
7)
THE EXTERNAL STRUCTURE OF NOSE
The skeleton of the external nose is formed by bones and cartilages. The bony part is formed by paired nasal bones and by frontal maxilla. The skin of the external nose has many sebaceous and sweat glands. The upper narrow part is called the root.The nose ends in a soft formation consisting of skin and subcutaneous cellular tissue. The inner part of the nostrils is covered with fine hairs and sebaceous glands. The external nose is supplied with blood via branches of the opthalmic artery.
8)
NOTICE WRITING
Notice No. Date:
This is to be notified that our club has arranged a football coaching camp. The camp will start on and from January 25,2022 next at our club playground. It will be continued for a week. A famous football coach will train the boys. The willing boys are asked to enlist their names to the undersigned within a week. Co-operation from all is highly sought.
Sd\-
.................
(Secretary)
City Light Club
9)
BIRDS IN WEST BENGAL
West Bengal is a rich shelter of birds. In the dawn,if someone is seen standing near a forest, he or she is surely surprised by the concerto. Many Bengali poems are enriched with the names of birds.
In tall thorny trees near the rivers,many weaver birds are seen. They are best known by the name 'BABUI' in Bengal. They are found in flocks in grasslands and cultivated areas. Both male and female look like house sparrows. They have a blackish bill. The male Babui has a bright yellow crown and its breast is marked with yellow.
On the plains in bamboo bushes woodpeckers are found making holes with noise. They are called 'KATHTHOKORAA' by Bengali people.
They have sharp and strong beaks for drilling. Multicolored with small brown spots , woodpeckers are found in farmlands and woodlands. They are clever and intelligent birds. Their brain cells have some certain characteristics which prevent them from brain damage although repeated drillings in the hardest trunks of the trees.
On all parts of the plains Blue Magpie Robin is seen. They are common to Bengalis as 'DOYEL'. They perform clear ringing notes. They are quiet and calm. During dawn and dusk a flock of Doyel is heard chirping.
Another important Bengal bird is 'TUNTUNI'. It is called a tailor bird. It is found in gardens and bushes. It is a small bird and has a long curved bill. They are grey in colour. A large leaf is pierced and sewn with a plant fibre, from which a cradle- like thing is seen hanging, and into which its grass nest is made.
Sona Bou or HELDE PAKHI or Indian Oracle is rarely found.Their nests are built in tall trees, especially in the fig trees. They have a little black velvet head. This bird likes its time to be spent much in the merriment.
In West Bengal most of the common birds are the symbols of domestic happiness.
10) AN EVENING WITH THE GANGA RIVER
Spending some wonderful hours in the evening with the holy Ganga river is thought to be delicate and spirited.
The Ganga is considered the holy river in West Bengal. The ripples in the Ganga water in the silver moonlit sky is heavenly. An evening journey in small boat which is making slow ways and bright silver splashing hitting oars is divine joy.
Viewing a great quantity of scenes feels momentous.Some people are bathing. Many are making evening prayers. A large number of people are filling earthen pitchers with holy water. In the corner corpses are being cremated. The temples,houses, gardens worn bright silver garments are very very eye-catching. On seeing the scene,a lover, of course, is in the mood to sing a song to whom his life is gifted. The silence in the middle of the Ganga is broken by the singing out of the throat and when his earthly song is accompanied by the music of oars and ripples.
Perhaps, a new world may come to him and remind him that all the arts are created by God. The varieties of scenes make us believe that somewhere in the stillness God lives and makes our lives to be fulfilled. Amidst realisation,it is felt that we are being made to be exported by the stream of time.
11) PASSAGE DESCRIPTION:
A DAY IN THE ZOO written by Gerald Durrrel:
"It is one thing…….air will ring with song."
If we study the contents of this prose, we will have a wonderful grasp of descriptive prose. It is about the description of a few animals, a touch of the zoo, and nature.
The second paragraph comes with the description of how the average zoo day begins ,with the symbol 'yellow' tinged'. Here the paragraph is about a short description of nature which is not lengthy and boring. We are introduced to some animals and birds and their daily positive activities. The nature at dawn is described with words such as 'tinged', 'yellow' and 'dewy grass'. A male peahen is described with 'burnished tail', and 'fountain'.
Next paragraph begins with the sights and sounds and activities. In the description of the zoo, 'two -storied granite house' , 'fluorescent light' are simple but nice. The sound buckets and bustle of activities are very pleasing.
The parrots and parakeets greeting with 'cacophony' is described nicely. 'Sukhu' and his introducing style 'I am a fine bird' is fantastic.
Next, the evening scene expressed is a living blend of description. The symbolic use of 'slanting rays' , the extended meaning of the word 'creeping' and in the last paragraph the word 'ring' is strikingly very effective.
***We will learn about more passages next time.
2) N A R R A T I V E P R O S E
A narrative calls our attention to what happens or what has happened and happened. Where descriptive passages mainly talk about scenes of painting as they appear, narrative passages talk mainly about events. A little exaggerated, we may say a narrative is about a description of an event. Generally we happen to witness two kinds of events which are inside events and outside events. The inside event is the matter of the emotions of a person. In the world in which we live is a family. If it is a family, we must have some haves and have-nots that include thoughts and feelings. In our regular courses of life we introduce a lot of situations and some of which bring a great amount of emotional value. We try to evaluate them and call for our experience. Experience is abstract ,a matter of factfulness. That is why facts or fiction holds us mentally strong or weak. So, short stories and novels are our favorite. We favours them in the fever of suspense. It it is a talk about facts, it is the fact that it includes biographies; whether they are autobiography or biography, letters ; we often express our thoughts and emotions, travelogues ; we explain our strong mentality, diaries; a great work which holds emotions and thoughts pages after pages, speeches: we express our ideas and ideals.
A narrative has the flow of action to inflow. A chain of events works in our mind and holds our mind that we, perhaps many a time , take much time to forget about this. Otherwise, it may live with us for the last time.
Concerned with events, action, characters and setting are the elements to reproduce. The elements of reproduction grow our curiosity and involvement, and help us give up pestering boredom. Narrative work deals as much as action, character, setting ,and also the way of saying.
FEATURES OF NARRATIVE:
Narrative has a forwarding that is what next.
It has a flow of events.
Story without a narrative is ungrounded because every narrative must have a story, be it directly or be it indirectly.
A narrative may proceed with slowness or rapidity.
The liquid of narrative is very exciting and challenging matter of fact.
A narrative organization has a central point of view that comes on the superfluous.
Without historical narrative, narrative objects and maintains critical faculty from available resources.
Narrator reproduces a clear and convincing picture of the events and records them in a controllable way.
In the case of historical narrative, the author has to strengthen himself in managing a fair record of historical chronology.
It is seen that in writing historical narratives , the author has tended the frequent switching of tense: the use of present and the use of past tense in paraphrasing.
Character drafting is one of the important things in narrative. It is accepted with clear accuracy. So it includes direct statement or indirect statement or remark, habits, energy, friends and relatives, thoughts and feelings, observing power and it application, self sufficient,and many more
Passages are directed with suitable use of phrases and expressions and also punctuation , such as affixes, commas, colons, semicolons,dashes, and full stops.
Next important thing to notice is paragraph settings. Each paragraph produced ideas well-defined. Paragraph ending is logical ,clear and striking.
Every part of the paragraph comes with different happenings, but togetherness.
In a large stock of narrative, events are included in the form of distribution of dialogues as well as conversation by characters.
Narrator may be involved directly or passively.
Narrative includes cinematography (close- up) to effect a stop- scene attention to events.
Immediacy is one of most important things in a narrative lest it would vanish from memory.
It is said that style represents individuals. Style of para making in narrative is seen neither monotonous nor galloping.
In many a narrative has autobiographical elements that are viewed as a single point.
A narrative may have a book of spirited humorous effects.
A narrative may be individualized by the determination of individual character as well as cultures , social biases that are outputs of life.
MODES OF NARRATIVE:
In narrative work the author presents himself by modes and manners which are cast by actions, reactions, and dialogues.
This is how a narrative is called a reader's attention from the narrator's perspective. So he or she is in the contour of action and events.
First person narration:
Narrator is a fictional person by whom a narrative is delivered. Instead of speaking, he is to be speaking. The first person delivery is made by the use of 'I'. In making a supply of experience, he is the witness to the occurrence.
Third person narration:
He is an omniscient living. He is a fly that sees everything everywhere. A fly can not speak, but has an observing power. He observes everything, controls everything, and so limits himself. He remains as a single character.
Examples:
A short narrative passage:
Once, Carter was driving his cart on a village road. Suddenly, one of the wheels and of the cart sank in the mud. Carter whipped the bullocks to pull out the cart from the mud, but all was in vain. The carter then prayed to God of strength for help. God took pity on him. He asked him to put his shoulder to the wheel to move the cart .
A narrative excerpt from 'Tom Loses A Tooth' written by Mark Twain.
Tom became excited. He said," Sid ,Sid! and shook him. This course worked well. Sid yawned, then raising himself on his elbow, stared at Tom. Tom went on groaning.
Sid said, " Tom! Say Tom!"
No response.
"Here, Tom ! Tom! What's the matter, Tom?"
Sid shook him and looked at him anxiously. Tom moaned out: " oh, don't , Sid. Don't shake me."
"Why , what's the matter, Tom? I must call auntie."
"No never mind. It'll be over by and by, maybe. Don't call anybody."
"But I must! Don't groan so, Tom, it's awful. How long have you been this way?"
" Hours, Ouch! Oh , don't stir so, Sid. You'll kill me."
" Tom , why didn't you wake me sooner? Oh, Tom you aren't dying, are you? Don't Tom, oh don't."
" I forgive everybody, Sid. Tell them so"
Sid had rushed to call help.
Tom's imagination was working perfectly by now and his groans had gathered a genuine tone.
Meanwhile, Sid flew downstairs and said: " Oh, aunt Polly , come! Tom's dying!"
Another example of a narrative passage from 'Our Runaway Kite" written by Lucy Maud Montgomery:
Of course, there was nobody for us to play with on the Big Half Moon. We just had to make the most of each other,and we did.
We live on the Big Half Moon island. 'we' are Father and Claud and I and Aunt Esther and Mimi and Dick. It used to be only Father and Claude and I. It is all on account of the kite that there are more of us. This is what I want to tell you about.
Father is the keeper of the Big Half Moon lighthouse. I am eleven years old. Claude is twelve. In winter, when the harbour is frozen over, we all move over to the mainland. As soon as spring comes, back we sail to our own dear island.
The funny part used to be that people always pitied us when the time came for us to return. They said we must be so lonesome over there, with no other children near us. Of course Claude and I would have liked to have someone to play with us. It is hard to run pirate caves and things like that with only two two. But we used to quarrel a good deal with the mainland children in winter. So it was perhaps just as well that there were none of them on the Big Half Moon. Claude and I never quarrelled.
EXPOSITORY PROSE:
Simply, expository prose means explaining something. Why do we explain? The aim is to make something clear and understandable. Expository means neither narrating nor describing , but aiming to concept giving such as facts, topics,ideas, beliefs etc.
Features of Expository prose:
1.To explain the process.
2.To select the incidents and details as examples.
3. To reason in support of a statement.
4. To bring out comparison and contrast
5. To connect with the classification.
6. To make a restatement.
7. To define.
8. To analyze
9. To focus on analogy.
10. To bring out the relation between cause and effect.
Some important points to note:
The style of writing expository prose.
Order material of writing expository prose.
Particular words and phrases for exposition.
The style:
Excellent expository writing work is concluded with the style keeping. Expository prose pieces share certain characteristics for which readers build their relationship with the authors. It must have a unique structure, special devices, and convention.
Expository prose pieces are of many kinds such as essays, speeches, journals, articles, book reviews, assignments, instructions, etc.
Ordering materials:
Less important given first, then more important.
From easier to difficult.
From less controversial to more controversial.
The establishment of divergent views
Illustration of ideas.
Contrasting elements.
Sequence of subordinate elements.
Words and phrases:
Among a number of extensive usages, the application of antithesis is much better used as it makes much balance between two different ideas. Here readers find their total freedom to choose between two.
Examples:
'Freedom' written by G.B. SHAW,
'My birthplace' by Nirad C Chaudhary,etc.
(Much discussion will be made about prose-study in separate posts.)
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