ENGLISH PHONETICS 2

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        ENGLISH   PHONETICS -2


DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE VOWELS:

/iː/                  /ɪ/                 /e/

seɑt               sit                 set

lead               lid                led

seen              sin               sen

been             bin               bent

beat               bit               bed

bleed             bliss          bless

bleak              blip           best

 cliche            click         clench

Heel                hill            hell

leak                 lick            length

least                list             lest 

pea                   pick           peck

teen                  tin              ten

neat                  knit           net

reach                rich           wretch

zeal                   zit              zest

Jeep                   je-june    jest


 /e/                          /æ/      

set                           sat

bed                         bad

ten                         tæn

bet                         bæt

beg                        bag

beck                     badge

dead                     dad

Hel                       Hal

edit                      added

/aː/                /ɒ/             / ɔː/

lark             lock            law

cart              cod          cord

dark           dock          door

dot              dot             dork

last              lost           lord

car                cot           caught

carp            cop           court

                    odd            order

farm          font           form

part           pot            port


   /ʊ/                        /uː/

  full                       fool

  pull                      pool

 look                      luke

 put                        puma

should                 shoed

hood                     wood


/ʌ/                /ɜː/             /ə/

cup            cur        confirm

cud heard adore


     /ʌ/                      /ɑː/

Country            carnival

Cull                   carbon

Duck                 dark

Cup.                  Car


    /ɜː/                      /ɑː/

  learn                    last

   firm                   farm       

 purse                 pass     


                  DIPHTHONGS

               Sound difference    

      /əʊ/                            / aʊ/  

[ /ɜː/ to /ʊ/].                  [ /ʌ/ to /ʊ/]

   So                                  Now

   Boat                            Bound

  Clothes                        Cloud 

   Clove                          Clown

   Load                            Loud

  Dote                             doubt

N.B.

/əʊ/ is not like simple vowel /ɔː/ type:

      /əʊ/                       / ɔː/     

  Coach                       call

   Coal                         cork

   Coldly                     cordially


    /eɪ/                      /aɪˈ

[ /e/ to /ɪ/             [/ʌ/ to /ɪ//]

   race                     rise

   Case                  paisa      

    Laid                   lied

    Lake.                 Like


/eə/              /ɪə/            /ʊə/

hair             ear            poor

air              hear          sure


  /aɪə/       /eɪə/             /aʊə/      [Smooth sound]

[diphthong plus vowel]

higher/haɪə/

tire /taɪə/

power/paʊə/

player /pleɪə/

lawyer /lɔɪə/

   INTERNATIONAL SOUND

1.International English follows aspirated sound  like kʰ,pʰ etc.

cool/kʰuːl/   card/kʰɑːd/

pale /pʰ eɪl/ [fail type]

Pull [pʰ] [full type]

court /kʰɔːt/

2.In British R.P. / r/ occur before vowels. It leaves before the consonant. The final /r/ is also left, except in the cases when a word after /r/ should be a vowel, as;

rest/rest/

very /verɪ/

far/faː/

fear airing/ fɪəreəɪŋ/

three/θriː/

3. /j/ for y is palatal ; it sound like/iː/

Yes/jes/ , but

Beauty /bjuːtɪ/

4. /uː/ for w:

wet 

way


CONSONANT SEQUENCES

Apart from two consonants, three , four or even more consonants are grouped together in the production of sound. 

Examples

Scheme/skiːm/

scar /skɑ ː/

Sphere/sfɪə/

Written/rɪtn/

Hidden /hɪdn/

Twelfth/twelftθ/

Mainly there are two kinds of consonant sequences : initial sequences and final consonant Sequences. Longer consonant sequences are also found.

(i) INITIAL SEQUENCES:

  1. The consonant sequence of  consonant sound '/s/' is produced by saying the long /s/, and then the halting consonant that comes after it . In between there should be no vowel interruption, as;

spy/spaɪ/      small /smɔːl/

slow/sləʊ/     storm /stɔːm/

sky/skɪ/         struggle /strʌgl/  

snow/snəʊ/   St Swithin's Day 

                         /snt swɪðɪnz deɪ/

swipe/swaɪ/       swirl/swɜːl/

square/skweə/

  1. The consonant sequence of the consonant /p/ is together with /r/ and /l/ without any vowel interrupted, as;

practically /præktkɪ/

press/pres/         plan/plæn/ 

plumb/plʌm/       play /pleɪ/

  1. The consonant sequence of the consonant sound /b/ is sequenced with /l/ and /r/,no interruption by vowel in the middle, as;

broker/brəʊkə/       browse/ braʊz/         [  but  brr /bə/]

black/ blæk/      blare / bleə/

blade/ bleɪd/

  1. /d/ is sequenced with /r/ and semi vowels[ w and y(j)]

Examples

Drink/drɪŋk/         drill/drɪl/

dwarf/ dwɔːf/       dupe/djuːp/

  1. The sound /k/ is followed by /l/, /r/ , semi vowels [w and y( j)]

client/klaɪən/         click/klɪk/

cliche/kliːʃeɪ/          clench/klentʃ/

crude/kruːd/           crumb/krʌm/

quiet / kwaɪə/        quit/kwaɪ/

cure/kjʊr/

  1. The sequenced consonant  sound / g/ is followed by /l/ and / r/, no middle interruption is taken place, as; 

green /griːl/           grin/ grɪn/

glare/gleə/            globe/gləʊb/

glom /glɒm/

  1.  /f/ is followed by /l/, /r/ and /j/, as;

fresh/frʃ/           from /frəm/

front/ frʌnt/       future/ ˈfjuːtʃə/

fuse/fjuːz/        few /fjuː/

  1. /v/, /m/, /n/ and /h/ plus semi vowel /j/ ,as;

viewer /vjuːə/

muse/mjuːz/

museum/ mjuːzi əm/

news/njuːz/

nude/ njuːd/

nucleus/njuːkliəs/

human/ˈhjuːmən/

huge /hjuːdʒ/

  1. Initial consonant sequence of /θ/ is with /r,and w(j)

Example

thong/ θrɒng/      through/θruːˈ

thrust/ θrʌt/

10 And sequence /ʃ/ is followed by /r/, as;

shred /ʃred/         shrink/ ʃrɪŋk/

shriek/ ʃriːk/

THREE CONSONANT SEQUENCE IN INITIAL POSITION:





Three consonants are combined and form a consonant sequence. Generally, 's' is combined with other two consonants. In this case, as soon as the /s/ is stopped then another sequenced consonant  begins, then and there the third is ready and the position of tongue is quitted on it.

Not have any split or long sound among them.

Examples

Split /splɪt/   spray  /spreɪ/

sprawl /sprːl/  sprinkle /spriŋkəl/

squeeze / skwiːz/

spurious/ spjʊərɪəs/

[ Also four, five , six, seven consonants sequences are seen as longer consonant sequences.]


2 FINAL SEQUENCE:

Final sequence means sequences of consonants at the end. We already have the knowledge of sound / s/ and /z/ in plurals forming and also /t/ and /d/ in making verb forms.stop

 eg, cats  /kæts/

 bugs /bʌgz/

asked /ɑːskt/

  1. Two stop consonants :

As soon as one stopped consonant begins, the other starts. As in;

 /pt/ : the lips are closed for /p/, the tongue is positioned for /t/ . When lips are opened a sequence is produced. The first stop / p/ is produced when the tongue tip leaves the alveolar ridge.

Slept  /slept/

Kept /kept/

Adapt /ædept/

Concept / ˈkɒnsept/

/bd/ is another similar sequence, as in;

rubbed / rʌbd/   robbed /rɒbd/ etc.

/kt/ : back of the tongue makes the closure for / k/ , the tongue tip prepares for /t/. Finally, the tongue-tip is lower and air comes out and a consonant sequence is produced.

Act /ækt/

Fact /fækt/




/pt/ and /kt/ sometimes combines with /s/. In this case, /p/ and /k/ are not exploded , but the sequence explodes /t/ then comes /s/ :

Facts/ fækts/     

 contact / kɒntækts/

accepts / əksepts/

/tn/ an /dn/ , that is, stop plus nasal : the explosive air passes through the nose:

eg, wooden/wʊdn/

pardon/paːdn/

certain/sɜːtn/

/tn/ and /dn/ makes friction when sequence is  occurred with either/s/ or /z/ , as in;

Buttons/bʌtnz/

witness/wɪtnɪs/

loudness /laʊdnɪs/

/t/ and /d/  is also sequenced with /m/ , In this case, tongue tip remains firmly on the alveolar ridge for /t/ and /d/ , and for  /m/, lips are closed and breath is exploded through the nose :

admire /ədmaɪə/

Utmost /ʌtməʊst/

excitement/ ɪksaɪtmənt/

topmost /tɒpməʊst/












Continuing....




                                           



                                           

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