HOW TO STUDY WORDS
WORD POWER
Of course, word power is a very very important thing for being a unit of a sentence. Why are we weak in writing? Why do we feel weak when we are going to read a passage, a poem or any piece of English?
Problem exists. We need proper planning and orderly thinking. English has a good course of structural words, and also unlimited content words. Content words are lexical words which vary different meanings and different forms. Lexical words are nouns, verbs, adjectives and adverbs. Structural words help us binding sentences or flow of sentences. Both have a great contribution in the meaning formation. But structural words help us in the grammatical framework of a sentence. Structural words are articles, auxiliaries, pronouns, conjunctions and prepositions.
HOW TO GRIP THE MEANING OF CONTENT WORDS:
Every word has its journey. Some words are aged about 50 or 100 years, and some are more or less 500. The word 'worship' remains for 400 years. We will talk about this matter in English Philosophy. Come to the main points; yes content words,
Content words may have different meanings, due to diction. The same word has different meanings. In noun, because of names of objects, in verb, because of actions, in adjective, because of qualities, being adverb, modes and manners, and literary, in extended sense. Our weakness remains poor in meaning making and in writing composition as we know one meaning of the many.
In dictionary work, we study content words. If a word is in the noun, it may have different meanings in countable and uncomfortable. If a word is used as an adjective, it should be looked up for gradable or non- gradable, usable before noun or not. In the case of a verb, whether it is transitive or intransitive. In the adverb, modes and manners should be checked by using a sentence or more, and gripping its meaning ,or calling for a replacement with adjective plus noun. It is to remember how the common elements of those words are used. Aslo, we should find out synonyms, antonyms and homonyms and then check their spellings. As for an example:
According to Longman Dictionary of contemporary English the word 'book' means;
Book[common noun ]1) a set of printed pages that are held together in a cover so that you can read them: a book about a great man.2) [common noun] a set of sheets of paper held together in a cover so that you can write on them : a notebook.
3[common noun] a set of things such as stamps, tickets, matches, etc. held together inside a paper cover: a cheque book.
Book[ plural] 1) written records of the financial accounts of business: The company's books.
2) the names of people who use a company's service, or who are sent by company to work for other people: He has a lot of popular actors on his books
3) a section of large written work: the books of the Bible.
COMMON ELEMENTS: A set of something which is written or in which something is written having some pages.
Book[Transitive or intransitive verb] 1) to make an arrangement to stay in a place, eat in a restaurant, go to a theater etc at a particular time in the future: You need to book well in advance for christmas.
2) [transitive] to arrange for someone such as a singer to perform on a particular date: The band was booked for a benefit show in Mohan Hall.
COMMON ELEMENTS: to make an arrangement.
Bookable [non- gradable adjective] 1) tickets for a concert, performance etc that are bookable can be ordered before they happen: The tickets are bookable.
2) an offence for which sports players can be punished: a bookable offence.
Bookish[adjective non- gradable] someone who is bookish is more interested in reading and studying than in sports or other activities: a shy bookish man.
NO COMMON ELEMENTS
SYNONYMS: [noun]Manuscript, publication, work, volume, etc.
Antonyms: [verb] cancel, reject,etc.
E X E R C I S E S
ABANDON[ uncountable noun] 1. Free from anxiety, and uncaring about doings: The figures were dancing with wild abandon.
ABANDON [ verb transitive]1. Leave someone
2. Go away from a place, not interested in coming again.
3.Stop something;it is impossible to continue.
COMMON ELEMENTS: Leave or give up completely.
Synonyms: desert, leave, quit.
Antonyms: continue, persist, support.
Sentence: I have abandoned all ideas.
ABOVE ( adjective; only before noun)1. To added in a writing to refer something written earlier:
Sentence: For the above reasons, I informed you that all my efforts have been thrown into the cold water.
ABOVE [ adverb]1.at or to a
higher point.2. before or earlier
Sentences:1.He has a cut mark just above his left eye.
2. As mentioned above, no photograph is allowed here.
ABOVE [preposition]1. Opposite of below 2. higher in rank, position, importance,etc 3. greater in number, price, weight etc than.
Sentences:1.The sun is exactly above our heads
2 He has been promoted above the rank of additional divisional manager.
3. There are free medical treatments for people aged 65 and above.
COMMON ELEMENTS: not below,
Synonyms: exceeding, on top of, superior to, prior to.
Antonyms: below,under.
ABOUT [adverb]1.little more or less than; 2. a little before or after; 3. approximately. 4. nearly 5. here and there.
Sentence:1.My house is about (roughly) ten miles.
2. The accident occurred at about 10a.m. yesterday.
3. The fine is about Rs 500/-
4. The children are playing about in the garden.
ABOUT [ adjective] 1. Intended: I was about to talk to him, the cellphone rang.
ABOUT [preposition] 1. In
many directions in: He was searching a drop of water about the town. 2. Not far from: The shop somewhere about here. 3. At approximately: She was here about 5 pm.
COMMON ELEMENTS: Approximate
ABSTRACT [noun] 1. a short written statement containing only the most important ideas in speech, article:
This is my abstract for today.
2. not specific details, just about general things:
The abstract which is produced here is not enough.
ABSTRACT [adjective]1. Based on general ideas , not specific or real: Human minds have many abstract thoughts in nature.
2. Existence as an idea rather than concrete things: She has an absolutely abstract nature.
COMMON ELEMENTS: Not see or touch, just as an idea
ABSTRACT [verb]1. Make a written summary of: I managed to abstract the long speech he had delivered. 2. Separate something from something; remove something: To abstract oil, the seeds are pressed by a crushing machine.
Synonyms: conceptual, indefinite, theoretical, non- concrete, philosophical.
Antonyms: actual, real.
ABUSE [ noun] 1. Make bad or wrong use.
He died of drug abuse.
2.(U) act of Cruelty:
Many children have to suffer racial abuse in schools today.
3. Corrupt or unjust:
Put a stop to political abuse of the young people.
4. Insulting words, offensive or coarse language:
He abused me with a lot of indecent words.
ABUSE[ verb] 1. Make bad or wrong use of something:
Don't abuse your authority.
2. Treat someone badly:
He has abused his wife and killed her.
3. Treat something badly:
He had been abusing his body for years together with heroin and
cocaine.
Common ELEMENTS: bad or wrong
Synonyms: harm, exploit, insult,take the advantage of, violate.
Antonyms: care for, cherish, praise.
6. AKIN(adj) : As same as
What he felt was more akin to the saddest thing than love.
Synonyms: alike, comparable, connected, corresponding , like, related , and similar etc.
Antonyms: different
7. AFLOAT ( Adj):(i) Corresponding to the rumours that are being talked about.
There is a story afloat that the 3rd world war will begin.
(ii) Out of difficulty or debt
The firm has failed to stay afloat due to the recession.
(iii) Functioning
Mr. Das has got a chance to get a new business afloat.
(Iv) on the board ship
He likes to pass life afloat.
(v) Floating on water and air
Don’t try to keep me afloat and say it straightly.
8.AFTER( adv): (i) Later
The day after, Mr. Habib came with thousands of rupees.
(ii) Behind
She followed on after.
AFTER(preposition):(i) Later than something.
He came here after you.
(ii) Behind someone or something
Please stand here after him.
( iii) Next to someone or something in order
The letter ‘C’ comes after ‘B’
(iv) Because of; following
After what he did was the reason for my ignorance.
(v) In pursuit of or in search of
They ran after the thieves.
(vi) about someone or something
She inquired after you
(vii) in spite of
After I helped him with everything, he ignored me.
(viii) in the style of; in intimation of
He wanted to draw our constitution after the British Model.
AFTER( conjunction) at or during time later than something
I arrived after he had gone.
COMMON ELEMENT: Later,concerning,behind, in spite of
9.AIR( Uncountable noun) i. gas; which we breathe.
This place does not have fresh air.
ii. travelling by
It was an air traffic congestion
iii. confident and mysterious
He seems to have determined air while talking about the topic.
AIRS ( Countable Noun) Considering oneself more important than other:
Don’t be airs.
AIR ( Verb) i. Express of opinion publicly:
Everyone will be given a chance to air their views in this meeting.
ii. To broadcast a programme on television:
It will air a programme for the children.
Synonym: breeze, wind, appearance, manner, style, tune and theme.
10. AID (Noun) i. help
He asked for my aid.
ii. something or someone that help:
learning aids
iii.food, money etc sent to a country:
Many aids have already been sent.
AID(verb) help
Do not aid and abet a criminal.
Continued....
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