Definition of Sonnet and It's Classification

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Definition of Sonnet and It's Classification 


We all know the name of sonnet. It was invented in Italy by the hand of Dante. Though Dante, Petrarch is more familiar in Italy.

The term  'sonnet' has come from the Italian word 'sonetto' which means a song. A common feature that the sonnet has is its material composition  of fourteen lines and has specific rhymes. It specially deals with one thought or emotion. Love theme is often a common matter of sonnets.

Types of Sonnets:


Sonnets are two kinds: the Italian sonnet and English sonnet, or petrarchan and Shakespearean sonnet. Petrarchan sonnets are best known as classical sonnets.


THE ITALIAN SONNET:

The Petrarchan sonnet is called the Italian sonnet. It comprises fourteen lines. It consists of two unequal parts of eight lines and six lines. The first eighth lined part is called the 'Octav' and the second six lined part is called the 'Sestet'. The first part sets and states with subject matter, while the second part confirms and rolls it. The rhyme scheme of the 'Octave' is abba, abba and the 'Sestet' or the second part consists of cde, cde, or cd, cd, ec or others.

The treatment theme of Petrarchan sonnet is basically love, and its pain and passion, or its attachment and frustration. Love is seen as the Lady- love. It includes  chivalrous  type love and grace, and not with the exception of disappointed love of a rejected lover.


THE ENGLISH SONNET:

The Shakespearean sonnet, being different from Petrarchan sonnet, has the theme and technique of love, but not conventional type love. Shakespeare has left the beaten path of sex- love and chose the masculine love, the friendship. He manages to preserve it by his verse creation. In his twenty six sonnets, he has made the address of a dark lady. Rather than fair and kind, she is dark and cruel.

He applies the technique of sonnet composition in a different way. His sonnet consists of three quatrains with a concluding couplet. Each quatrain contains contrasting differences. In concluding couplet, he builds the bridge between the contrasting elements. The rhyme scheme is used as abab,cdcd,efef, and gg.

Being actually a lyric, a sonnet expresses the poet's thoughts and feelings, and ideas and ideals.

Thus we have seen that Shakespearean sonnets are enriched with autobiographical elements and his sentiments. 

The key feature of the sonnet is the singleness of matter in which development of a single mood  and  single image is all persuasive.



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